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SPIDERS OF THE ORB- WE AVER GENUS PARAWlXiA IN 
AMERICA (ARANEAE: ARANEIDAE) 



HERBERT W. LEVM 

Abstract. Parawixia are Neotropical, nocturnal orb 
weavers related to Acanthepeira, Eriophora, Wag- 
neriana, and Wixia. The relationship is based mainly 
on synapomorphie character states of inale and fe- 
male genitalia. 

Of the 26 species of Parawixia found in collections, 
10 are new, four are known only from males, six from 
females. There are 24 new synonyms of species and 
subspecies naiives, Most Parawixia species are found 
in the Amazon area primarily, and in Central Amer- 
ica and eastern Brazil Many species probably build 
webs in the canopy. The social nianduti spider {Para- 
wixia InstriafaX which made such an impression on 
Darwin, belongs to Parawixia. 

INTRODUCTION 

Among the" interesting spiders found in 
South America by Charles Darwin, as re- 
ported in 1839 in The Voyage of the Bea- 
gle, was a social orb- weaver species. *'. , . 
1 found near St. Fe Bajada [present day 
Parana] many large black spiders, with 
ruby -coloured marks on their backs, hav- 
ing gregarious habits. The webs were 
placed vertically, as is invariably the case 
with the genus Epeira: they were separat- 
ed from each other by a space of about 
two feet, but were all attached to certain 
common lines ^ which were of great length, 
and extended to all parts of the commu- 
nity. In this manner the tops of some large 
bushes were encompassed by the united 
nets. Azara [F. de Azara, 1809, Voyage 
dans rAmeriqiie meridionale] has de- 
scribed a gregarious spider in Paraguay, 
which Walckenaer thinks must be a The- 
ridion, but probably it is an Epeira, and 
perhaps even the same species with mine, 
I cannot, however, recollect seeing a cen- 



^ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Uni 
versity, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, 



tral nest as large as a hat, in which, during 
autumn, when the spiders die, Azara says 
the eggs are deposited. As all the spiders 
which I saw were of the same size, they 
must have been nearly of the same age. 
This gregarious habit, in so typical a genus 
as Epeira, among insects, which are so 
bloodthirsty and solitary that even the two 
sexes attack each other, is a very singular 
fact/' 

It is a reflection on the current status of 
spider studies that this spider, though 
named bistriata in 1836 by the Swiss trav- 
eler Rengger, and frequently mentioned 
(Busk irk, 1981), has never been illustrated 
before. In 1932 Mello-Leitao placed hist fi- 
at a in Eriophora and was followed by the 
catalogers Roewer and Bonnet. Mello-Lei- 
tao did not provide illustrations and on 
receiving some specimens 15 years later 
did not recognize them and gave them a 
new name. Only recently Shear (1970) 
considered that Darwin's spider may have 
been a Cyrtophoray an orb- weaver genus 
with some social species. Several investi- 
gators (Fowler and Diehl, 1978; Fowler 
and Gobbi, 1988a,b) studied the behavior 
but were uncertain as to whether there are 
one or two species that are social. Radcock 
(1932) realized that a species described and 
illustrated previously by TuUgren from 
Bolivia was a social spider also found in 
Paraguay as reported by Carter (1928), the 
collector of Badcock's specimens. 

This paper is part of the ongoing study 
of Neotropical orb weavers (Herman and 
Levi, 1971; Harrod, Levi, and Leiben- 
sperger, 1991; Levi, 1968, 1971, 1985, 1986, 
1988, 1989, 1991a,b). The primary pur- 
pose of my revisions is to help determine 



Bull. Mus, Comp. ZooL, 153(1): 1-46, June, 1992 



2 BuUetin Museum of Cornparative Zoology, Vol. 153, No. 1 



species within a given genus, in this case 
Parawixia. Such determinations are need- 
ed because spider species are often of eco- 
nomic importance or biological interest 
(e-g., Parawixia histriata), A secondary 
function is to provide information aiding 
in the understanding of evolutionary re- 
lationships within the genus. Sequestering 
this information may be easy in small fam- 
ilies but is much more difficult in large 
and diverse families. Studies on the evo- 
lution of small families less diverse than 
the orb weavers have been published based 
on an understanding of a few species in 
the genus (Coddington, 1986). 

Before a genus has been revised, it may 
only be known by its most common species 
or by the type species to w hich the generic 
name is attached. However, the type spe- 
cies is often the most aberrant member of 
the genus, and has been placed in its own 
genus specifically because of unusual char- 
acters that may not occur in more "aver* 
age ' congenerics. Also, in large diverse 
families, the study of all species is neces- 
sary to determine generic-level characters. 

To take examples, when 1 first worked 
on Eriopliora in 1970, 1 assumed that Para- 
wixia V>elonged to the same genus perhaps 
as a species group of Eriophora. Careful 
study of Parawixia showed this assumption 
to be erroneous because^ several characters 
were found to be apomorphies for Para- 
wixia only (see below). In another study, 
1 characterized the genus Wixia as lacking 
a long scape (Levi, unpublished key). I 
have since found that this absence is only 
true for Xearctic species; many Neotrop- 
ical species (which otherwise share apo- 
murphies with Nearctic Wixia and can 
fairly be cons itle red congeneric) do have 
a long scape (Levi, in prep,). These char- 
acters wert* not elucidated until revisions 
of the genera in question hud been done* 

Fvohitionary analyses of generic rela- 
tionships cannot be made until tlie relevant 
genera themselves have bt m revised and 
the limits of the individual genera defined. 
Any premature analysis would have to be 
revised with each successive generic re- 



vision. 1 am currently completing work on 
a sub-group of the family Araneidae, char- 
acterized by the presence of a palpal para- 
median apophysis and including the gen* 
era Parawixia, Eriophora, Acanthepeira, 
Wagneriana, Alpaida, Wixia, Acacesia, 
and Cijclosa. When the final members of 
this group, Wixia and Acacesia (both 
manuscripts in preparation), are revised, 
comparison and evolutionary analysis of 
this group w ill be possible, 

METHODS AND MATERIALS 

The methods used are the same ones as 
those used in previous papers on Neotrop- 
ical orb weavers. Relative eye sizes were 
measured by comparing their diameter in 
profile with that of the anterior median 
eyes. The distance separating the eyes of 
the anterior row^ was measured relative to 
the diameter of the anterior median eyes 
in profile; and that the posterior row to the 
diameter of the posterior median eyes, A 
forthcoming paper on the genus Wixia w ill 
describe these methods in some detail. 

The specimens used came from the fol- 
low in g collections, 

American Museum of Natural 
History, New York, New York, 
United States; N. Plat nick, L. 
Sorkin 

British Museum (Natural His- 
tory), London, Great Britain; 
P. HillvartL F. Wanless 
California Academy of Sci- 
ence's, San Francisco, Califor- 
nia, United States; W, J. Pu- 
law ski, D, Ubick 
C. Sandoval, Sao Paulo, Brazil 
Cornell L'niversity Collection, 
kept in the AMNH; N. Plat- 
nick 

C. Valderrama A., Bogota, Co- 
lombia 

Florida State Collection of Ar- 
thropods, Gainesville, Florida, 
United States; G. B. Edwards 
Hope Entomology Collec- 
tions, Oxford University, Ox- 



AMNH 



BMNH 



CAS 



CS 

cue 



cv 



FSCA 



HFC 



P.ARAWIXlA'Levi 



IBNP 



IMPR 



INPA 



IRSNB 



MACN 



MCN 



MCZ 



MECN 



MEG 



MHNM 



MHNMC 



MLF 



MNHC 



MNRJ 



MUSM 



MZCR 



ford. Great Br i la in; D. Spen- 
cer-Smith, I. Lansburv 
Inventario Biologico Nacional, 
San Lorenzo, Paraguay; J. A. 
Koch a Ik a 

L M. P. Rinaldi, Botucatu, Sao 
Paulo, Brazil 

Instituto Nacional de Pesqui- 
sas da Amazonia, Manaus, 
Amazonas, Brazil; J, A. Ra- 
phael 

Institut Royal des Sciences Na- 
turelles de Belgique, Brussels, 
Belgium; L. Baert 
Museo Argentine de Cicncias 
Naturales, Buenos Aires, Ar- 
gentina; E. A. Maury 
Museu de Ciencias Naturais, 
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do 
Sul, Brazil; E. H. Buckup 
Museum of Comparative Zo- 
ology, Cambridge, Massachu- 
setts, United States 
Museo Ecuatoriano de Cien- 
cias Natnrales, Quito, Ecua- 
dor; L. Aviles 

M. E. GaHano, Buenos AireSj 
Argentina 

Museo de Historia Natural de 
Montevideo, Uruguay; R, M. 
Capocasale 

Museo de Historia Natural, 
Medellin, Colombia; M. A. 
Serna D. 

Museo de Universidad Na- 
cional, La Plata, Argentina; R. 
F, Arrozpide 

Museu de Historia Natural, 
Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; S, de 
F. Caron 

Museu Nacional, Rio de Ja- 
neiro, Brazil; A. Timotheo da 
Costa 

Museo de Historia Natural, 
Universidad Nacional Mayor 
de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; D, 
Silva D. 

Museo Zoologico de Universi- 
dad de Costa Hica, San Jose, 
Costa Rica; C, E, Valerio 



MZSP 



MZUF 



MHMW 



NRMS 



Museu de Zoologia da Univer- 
sidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; P. 
Vanzolini, L, Neme, J. L. M. 
Leme 

Museo Zoologico de "La Spe- 
cola," Universita, Florence, It- 
aly; S. Mascherini 
Naturhistorisches Museum, 
Vienna, Austria; J. Gruber 
Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, 
Stockholm, Sweden; T, Kro- 



PAN 



RLCB 



SMF 



USNM 



ZMK 



Polska Akademia Nauk, War- 
szawa, Poland; A. Riedel, W. 
Starega, J, Proczynski, A. Slo- 
jewska, E. Kierych 
R. L. C. Baptista, Sao Paulo, 
Brazil 

Forschungsinstitut Sencken- 
berg, Frankfurt am Main, 
Germany; M. Grasshoff 
National Museum of Natural 
History, Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, Washington, D. C, Unit- 
ed States; J. Coddington 
Zoologisk Museum, Koben- 
havn, Denmark; H. Enghoff 



I would like to thank the curators for 
making the specimens under their care 
available for this study. I am grateful to J. 
Kochalka for providing life history infor* 
mat ion, M. E. Galiano for information on 
Argentinian collecting locahties, R. L. C. 
Baptista on Brazilian localities, D, Silva D. 
on Peruvian localities. C. Sandoval sent 
information and photographs of the nian- 
duti spiders. Evelyn S. de A. Marques sent 
specimens. V, R, D. von Eickstedt found 
information on F. bistriata venom and 
bites, E, H. Buckup provided some of the 
records of Parawixia species in the MCN 
collection that she could determine with 
my illustrations. C. Stocker and R. Maurer 
searched unsuccessfully for Rengger's 
specimens. O. Kraus gave advice on no- 
menclature. K. Boss and two readers sug- 
gested changes to improve the paper. L. 
R. Levi, L, Leibensperger and W, H, Piel 
reworded some of the writing and D- Sher- 



4 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 153, No. 1 



Table 1. DiFFrRFNTiAL characters of Pahawixia (PARVV), Eriophoha (ERIO). Acanthepeiha (ACAN), 
Wacseriana (WAGN), Alfaida (ALPA). (Data from Levi, 1971, 1976, 1988, 1991b). 



PARW 



ERIO 



ACAN 



WAGN 



ALPA 



PiiLtern 

carap. glabrous 

paired spots on carap. 

marks betvv. ME and LE 

black eye rings 

sides of thoracic reg. black 

pattern un sternum 

abd. color pattern 

abd. V. with black rect. 

abcl- V. bliick with white spots 

Female Mnrj>h(jlogy 

LE on sides of tuber. 

PME on slight swelling 

carap. swollen behind eyes 

abd, with tubers. 

ant. median abd. tuber. 

abd. subspherical 

abd, hunger than wide 

abd, witii tail 

3 median post, tubers. 

abd glabrous 

Epigymnn 

scape 

lobe 

knob at tip 

notch on face 

jjost. nii^d. [jlate round 

post. metl. plate oval 

pnst. iTU^d Iriaiigular 

Nhdc \lc)rpfioiog\ 
ceph. reg. wide 

hnnk on coxa I 

niacrusetae on co^ae ill, IV 
trochanter 1\' macrosetae 
tibia II nRKlitied 

Palpus 

pa tell a m a c rose t a e 

\ narrnw 

Y covers PM 

PM free 

PM stalk and cap 

PM L- or U-shaped 

PM disk with finder 

PM disk with !uld 

M with base teeth 

base ol \l witli concavity 

lung ''stipes*' 

E cone, bullel-shaped 

E knife-shaped 

fi razor clam-shapetl 

A absent 

A fused v\ illi embolus 

A-R with hinge 



-h* 



[ + *] 



+ 



+ 



|*s 



+ 



_* 



1+] 



+ 



[+] 



-h 






+ 



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[ + ] 


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[+] 


+ 


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+ 


+ 


— 


— 


[+] 




+*] 


■ — 


— 




— 


[+] 


— 


— 


[+] 



[+*] 



1+] 



+ 



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[+*] 



(+*] 



[+*] 



-h 


— 


-h 


— 


— 


# 


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+ 


+ 


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4-15 


0-3 


12+ 


9-15 


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+* 


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PAHAWIXlA^Levi 



ry helped with word -processing. I thank 
also tlie anonymous reviewers for sugges- 
tions and F, Boisse-Kilgo for meticulous 
editing. The start of these revisions was 
supported by NSF grants B-5133. GB- 
36161, BMS 75-05719, DEB 76-15568, 
DEB 79-23004, DEB 80-19732 and BSR 
83-12771. Pubhcations costs for this study 
were covered, in part, by the Wetmore- 
Colles Fund, 

Parawixia F. P.-Cambridge 

Parawixia F. P. -Cambridge, 1904; 487, Type species 
by original designation Epeira de strict a O. P.- 
Cambridge, 1889. 

Diagnosis, Parawixia can be distin- 
guished by the epigynum which, unhke 
that of Wagneriana, has a scape as long 
as or longer than the width of the base 
and, unlike that of Eriophora, has the scape 
originating from the posterior margin of 
the base (Figs. 9, 19, 74). The distal end 
of the paramedian apophysis in Parawixia 
males is in the shape of a disk with a finger 
along the distal margin and extending be- 
yond it (Figs. 7, 26, 39). In Wagiwriana 
the paramedian apophysis is L-shaped; in 
Wixia and Acacesia the paramedian 
apophysis is a straight prong. Tn Acanihe- 
peira and Eriophora the paramedian 
apophysis is a separate sclerite. Unlike that 
of Eriophora, the palpal patella of Para- 
wixia males has only one macroseta. 

Coloration, lateral eyes, and abdomen 
shape are distinctive. There are dark marks 
between median and lateral eyes (Figs. S, 
4, 12), paired dark spots on the carapace 
(Figs. 24, 62), and a pattern of paired light 
patches on the sternum (Fig. 6). In some 



species, these marks are missing. The lat- 
eral eyes are on the sides below tubercles 
(Figs, 2-5), The spherical to trapezoidal 
abdomen has 2 to 6 pairs of lateral tuber- 
cles and xisually 2 to 3 tubercles in a me- 
dian line posteriorly (Figs. 12, 17). 

In collections from Mexico and Guat(^- 
mala, where the ranges of the two genera 
overlap, females of Parawixia can be sep- 
arated from those of Nearctic Acanthe- 
peira (Levi, 1976; fig. 12) that also have 
paired spots on the carapace, but have an 
abdominal median anterior tubercle lack- 
ing in Parawixia (Figs. 12, 17, 49). 

The shape of the embolus of the male 
palpus and its attachment (soft, lightly 
sclerotized tissue with a small hematodo- 
cha) may be an autapomorphy. The round 
to trapezoidal shape of the tubercle-bear- 
ing abdomen is an autapomorphy of Para- 
wixia species, as are the paired light marks 
on the sternum (Fig. 6, Table 1). 

Description. Carapace orange to brown 
with one or more pairs of spots and char- 
acteristic dark marks betw een median and 
lateral eves and behind the lateral eyes 
(Figs. 12, 17, 37), There are few hairs on 
the carapace. Parawixia hist rial a, how- 
ever, has a hairy carapace and lacks the 
paired spots. Chelicerae of all are darker 
distally than proximally. The endite and 
labium rnav be dark. The sternum is dark 
with pairs of lighter patches (Fig. 6) except 
in P. baracoa, F. undulata, and P. bistria- 
ta. The coxae are orange to brown w ith 
dusky patches and the legs have indistinct 
dark rings. The dorsum of the abdomen is 
variable in individuals of each species but 
the venter has a species-characteristic pat- 
tern. It is black w ith a distinctive median 



* There are exceptions. 

** l\ bistriata and £. nephiloides (Levi, 1971) have a large macroseta and a smaller one on the male palpal 
patella. 

Bracketed characters are autapoinorphies for the germs. 

Abbreviations: abd., abdomen; ant. anterior; betw., between; carap., carapace; ceph., cephaHc; med,, 
median; post., po.steri(jr; rect., rectangle, reg., region; tuber(s)., tiibercle(s); v., venter; A, terminal apophysis; 
E, embolus; LE, lateral eyes; M, median apophysis; ME, median eyes; PM, paramedian apophysis; PME, 
posterior median eyes; R, radix; Y, cymbium; AC AN, Acanihepeira\ ALPA, Alpaida; ERIO, Eriophora; 
PARW, Parawixia; WAGN, Wagncriana. 



6 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 153, No. 1 



while patch (Fie. 31). pairs of white marks 
(Figs. 18. 44: 14'0.147)Vnther distinctive 
markings always different from those of 
related species. 

The anterior median eyes are the larg- 
est, the lateral eyes the smallest. The pos- 
terior median eyes ma) be on a shght 
swelling in Paratvixia^ but are not in Wag- 
neriana, Acanthepeira, or Eriophora. In 
Wixia (in prep.) and Acacesia (in prep.) 
the posterior median eyes are on a swelling 
with tlie eves directed toward the sides. 

Parawixia have a subspherical to trap- 
ezoidal abdomen with four to 15 tubercles, 
three or four pairs on the sides toward the 
anterior and middle, one pair posterior on 
the sides, and two to three single tubercles 
in a posterior median line (Figs. 12, 17), 
All individuals of a species have the ab- 
domen about the same shape. Adult Para- 
wixia hist hat a females lack these tuber- 
cles, but im matures and males frequently 
have three lateral pairs and a faint pos- 
terior median tubercle (Fig. 157), Only 
rarely (in immature and some adult female 
P. audax) does Parawixia have a median 
anterior tubercle as in Acanthepeira. 

Male coloration is as in females. In males 
the cephalic region is narrow (Figs. 3, 4) 
as in males of EriopJiora and Wagneriana. 
It is not narrow in males of Acanthepeira. 
The abdomen is the same shape as in the 
female but smaller (Fig. 62). The palpal 
patella has only one macroseta, except in 
F, bisiriata, which has a second smaller, 
white mac^roseta. The endite has a tootli 
facing a tubercle on thc^ proximal end of 
llic palpal ienuir (Figs. 4, 6). There is al- 
ways a hook on the distal margin of the 
first coxa (Fig. 6) fitting into a groove on 
the second femur. The fourth and some- 
times third coxae and trochanters of Par- 
awixia males (except in F. audax. P. un- 
dulata, and P. hist r lata) have one or more 
macrosetae (Fig. 6), as in males of Wag- 
neriana, Eriophora, Acanthepeira^ and 
Wixifl. The second til>ia is armed with 
macrosetae and thicker than the first tibia. 
As in related genera, the palpus has a para- 



median apophysis. The base of the median 
apophysis, just above the radix, is usually 
modified to resemble a depressed oval w ith 
teeth or keels along its margin (Figs. 7, 26, 
142, 149, 156), a synapomorphy shared 
with Eriophora and important for sepa- 
rating species of Parawixia. In Wagner- 
iana and Wixia the base is sclerotized, 
sometimes with a tooth; in other genera it 
usually is not modified or sclerotized. The 
embolus is cone- or bullet-shaped (Fig. 7) 
in all but P\ kochi. In Eriophora it is of 
various shapes. The terminal apophysis of 
the Parawixia palpus is partly fused to the 
embolus, as in Wagneriana and Erioph- 
ora. {Acanthepeira lacks a terminal 
apophysis.) This fusion is probably a ple- 
siomorphy. 

Variation. The dorsal abdominal pat- 
tern and coloration differ among individ- 
uals of the same species. The number of 
macrosetae on the third and fourth tro- 
chanters of males is variable and com- 
monly differs on left and right sides of the 
same specimen. 

Relationships. Parawixia is closest to£r- 
iophora (Levi, 1971) and Acanthepeira 
(Levi, 1976). (he long scape of the epigy- 
num is a synapomorphy with Acanthe- 
peira and Eriophora species (in Acanthe- 
peira the scape is relatively short). Rut in 
all Eriophora species the scape originates 
from the anterior margin, and folds back 
to point posteriorly. The shape of the para- 
median aptjphysis of the male palpus 
(which is attached to the conductor) and 
of the abdomen are autapomorphies for 
the genus Parawixia. The tubercles of the 
lateral eyes and the pairs of dark spots on 
the carapace are synapomorphies with 
species of Acanthepeira. The dark streaks 
between median and lateral eyes may also 
be found in Eriophora edax. The usually 
black underside of the abdomen mav have 
a median white patch or distinctive pairs 
of light or white patches (Figs. 13, IS, 31, 
79) that are also found in species of Wixia, 
The tubercles on the abdomen are ho- 
mologous with those of Wagneriana and 



PAEAWlXlA^Levi 




Plate 1 . Upper left, Parawixia bistriata. sixth instar (photo C. P. Sandoval), Others. P. audax. Upper right, female hanging in 
web. Lower left, female. Lower right, web, orb about 50 cm horizontal diameter. 



Acanthepeira, therefore synapomorphic. 
However, in Wagneriana, the abdomen is 
rectangidar, longer than wide and often 
with a tail above the spinnerets. Macro- 
setae on the third and fourth coxae and 
trochanters of males (not always present), 
presence of a paramedian apophysis, and 
ack of distal hematodocha are synapo- 
morphies of these various genera: Para- 
wixia, Acanthepeira, Wagneriana, Wixia, 
Eriophora, Alpaida, Vcrnicosa, and others 
(Table 1), 

Natural History, The best known spe- 
cies is F. audax y which makes a loose large 
web and sits in the hub, cephalic region 
down, or in a rolled-leaf retreat, one to 



two meters above the ground. Most species 
probably live in the canopy and are rarely 
collected. Parawixia bistriata is social and 
makes webs fairly high up, commonly on 
telephone poles. All individuals in a colony 
are of the same age and size and during 
daytime they cluster together in a shared 
retreat (Plate 1; see below). 

Note. When working on Eriophora in 
1970 1 thought that Parawixia might be a 
synonym of Eriophora (Levi, 1971), but 
this is not the case (see above). The two 
genera are related. No additional species 
of Eriophora have been found (only one 
doubtful male from Peru), 

Distribution. Parawixia is found 



8 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 153, No. 1 




Map 1. Approximate number of Parawixia species known 
from different areas. 



throughout the Neotropics, most species 
being found in the Amazon area (Map 1). 
It is not certain whether any of the nu- 
merous Epeira species described from 
Austraha belong to Parawixia, 

Misplaced Species 

Parawixia darJingtoni Bryant, 1945: 382, figs. 14^ 16, 

21, is a Wixia. 
P. mast ophor aides Mello-Leitao, 1942: 402, figs. 23, 

24, imnL, is a Wixia. 
P. tullgreni di Caporiacco, 1955: 348. fig. 31, 6, is 

Alpaida tuUgreni new combination. This species 

was overlooked in my revision of Alpaida (1988J. 
P, zigzag Melio-Leitao, 1951: 331, figs, 3, 4, <3, belongs 

to a new unnamed genus. 

Key to Parawixia Females 

L Scape of epigyniim long, reaching at least 
to midpoint between genital groove 
and spinnerets (Figs, 50, 79) __.^_... 2 

- Scape not reaciiing rnidpuiul beUveen 

genital groove and spinnerets (Figs. 13, 

18, 25) 9 

2( 1 ). Scape with swelling near lip, tapered most 

near tip (Figs. 74, 81, 110) ... ^.^„._ 3 

- Scape without swelHng, evenlv tapered 

(Figs. 46, 123, 136) ____._._.!_„_„...... 5 

3(2). Posterior median plate of epigynum nar- 
row (Figs, 75, 76, 111) _..... 4 

- Posterior median plate wide; lateral plates 



short (Figs. 82, 83); southern Brazil 
(Map 3) „ ^ ^... monticola 

4{3). Length of lateral plates about twice their 
diameter (Fig, 76); Amazon to Mi- 
siones Prov., Argentina (Map 3} velutina 
Length of lateral plates about one and 
one-half times their diameter (Fig. 
Ill); Amazon area of Peru, Brazil (Map 
3) , ™__„ -- - ouro 

5(2). Abdomen of adult spherical, without tu- 
bercles (Fig. 153); Bolivia, Mato Gros- 

so to northern Argentina (Map 3) __. 

.._„_....„...._., ..._.,„.„. bistriaia 

- Abdomen with tubercles ..^„_ .... 6 

6(5), Scape Hat and wide (Figs, 46, 48); Mex- 
ico, Guatemala, Greater Antilles (Map 

3) „__..^„.... tredecimnoiaia 

- Scape not noticeably flat (Figs, 123, 136, 

150); South America ..._.._ „ 7 

7(6), Scape slender, both sides concave and 
coming to a fine point (Figs. 123-125); 
base with paired dark spots (Fig, 123); 
abdomen narrow, longer than wide 
(Fig. 126); widespread in South Amer- 
ica (Mai:) 3) .._ kochi 

- Scape thicker, base without dark spots 

(Figs. 136, 143); abdomen subspheri- 
ca] with tubercles (Figs. 139, 146) „_„. 8 

8(7). Scape thin (Figs. 136, 138); posterior me- 
dian plate convex, dark brown (Fig. 
137); widespread in South America 

(Map 3) „„„......... ....„.......„..^.„ andax 

Scape swollen (Figs. 143, 145); posterior 
median plate flat, usually white (Fig. 
144); southern Brazil to Buenos Aires 
Prov., Argentina (Map 3) undulata 

9(1). Scape of epigynum sw^ollen at distal end 
above tip (Figs. 88, 97, 104); taper 
greatest near tip .,.,-....„.„„,..,..„...„™™„ — „xr„„...,.„„„,. lU 

- Scape without swelling above tip (Figs. 

9, 14, 117) .....,^,....,.. .._..._........ 15 

10(9). Swelling indistinct; scape long (Figs. 81, 

84); southern Brazil (Map 3) monticola 

- Swelling distinct; scape shorter (Figs. 74, 

HH) , — ,_■■-_. -^ ._ - _ -.. ■, w.- . „_ 11 

11(10). Posterior median plate iinich wider than 
lateral plates (Fig. 105); Amazon (Map 

2) . . .- tarapoa 

- Posterior median plate equal in width to 

or narrower than lateral plates (Figs. 

76, 89, 98, 111) ..^^..^^..^....^^ 12 

12(11). Posterior median plate vase-shaped as in 
Figure 98; Ecuador, Peru to Bahia 
State, Brazil (Map 3) „„„ ._ „ ditnsoria 

- Posterior median plate narrower than 

lateral plates (Figs. 76, 89, 111) .....„„_.„.... 13 
13(12). Median plate with sides almost parallel 

(Fig. 89); Central America (Map 3) 

_._„„^ ™_ . hoxaea 

- Median plate constricted in middle (Figs. 

76, 111); „.™„^ ,.™... 14 



PARAWlMA'LeVt 



9 




casa 
hypocrita 










Map 2. Distribution of Parawixia species, 



14(13). Swelling of scape almost as wide as base 
of epigynum (Fig. 110); Amazon of 
Peru. Brazil (Map 3) ouro 

- Swelling half as wide as epigynum base 

or narrower (Fig. 74); widespread in 

South America (Map 3) vehitina 

15(9). Posterior median plate of epigyiuim with 
ventral constriction (top of Fig. 10); 
Mexico (Map 2) .„. ,.,„ .., acapulco 

- Posterior plate without ventral constric- 

tion (Figs. 15, 22) _„... .„„_..,„.. 16 

16(15). Length of scape (from origin with base) 
about one and one-half times width of 
base {Fig. 117); Central America (Map 
2) „_„-. rigida 

- Scape barely longer than width of base 

or shorter (Figs. 14, 56, 63) ,_ 17 

17(16), Width of posterior median plate equal 
to or greater than width of a lateral 
plate (Figs. 15, 28, 33, 41) ,... 

- Lateral plates each wider than median 

plate (Figs. 57, 64, 70) ..^ 

18(17). Lateral plates evenly curved in median 
(Fig. 64); Central America (Map 2) .... 

, nesophifa 

- Lateral plates otherwise (Figs. 57, 70) 19 

19(18). Median plate bottle-shaped (Fig, 70); 

southern Brazil (Map 2) „.„.. inopinata 

- Median plate square with paired de- 

pressions on anterior margin (Fig. 57); 



20 



18 



Central America to Bolivia, Brazil 

(Map 2) ....^. hypocrita 

20(17). Base of epigynum longer than wide in 
posterior view (Fig. 41); Mexico, Gua- 
temala (Map 2) guatemalensis 

- Base of epigynum as long as wide or 

wider than k)ng in posterior view (Figs. 

1 er [^1 ort\ 1 

21(20). Visible width of each lateral plate less 
than half width of posterior median 
plate (Figs. 33-35); Costa Rica and 

Andes (Map 2) timosa 

^ Visible width of each lateral plate equal 

to or greater than half width of pos- 
terior median plate (Figs. 15, 22, 28) 22 

22(21). Base of epigynum tapering evenly into 
scape (Fig. 27); lateral plates without 
dorsal lobe (Fig. 28); abdomen with 
ventral wliite median patch on black 
(Fig. 31); Colombia (Map 2) ...... barlmcoas 

- Base of epigynum set off from scape (Figs. 

14, 19); lateral plates with dorsal lobe 
(Figs. 15, 2L 22); abdomen with two 
pairs of ventral white spots (Figs. 18, 

25); Mexico, Central America 23 

23(22). Posterior median plate as wide as long 
(Fig. 15); abdomen with anterior tu- 
bercles double (Fig. 17); Mexico (Map 

2) ..„„.™..„^ honest a 

Posterior median plate longer than wide 
(Figs. 21, 22); abdomen with single 



10 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, VoL 153, No. 1 



1. 



2(1). 



3(2). 



4(3). 



5{n 



OiOL 



7(6). 



8(7)- 



9(8). 



10(7). 



anterior tubercle (Fig. 24); Mexico, 
Central America (Map 2) ......... destricta 

Key to Parawixia Males 

Fourth trochanter without macroseta ......„,„ 2 

Fourth trochanter wilh one or more 
macrosetae (Fig. 6) „.„.„„,„..,......,. 5 

Base of median apophysis with an outer 
tooth, which is sometimes hidden by 
radix (Figs. 141, 142, 155, 156), tip of 
median apophysis pointing away from 
cymbtum (Figs. 141, 149, 155) 3 

Base of median apophysis witliovit outer 
tooth (Fig. 26); tip of median apoph- 
ysis curved back, pointing toward tip 
of cymbiuni (Fig. 26); Mexico, Central 
America (Map 2) _._„ _.. „ destricta 

Median apophysis \\ ith a neck or con- 
striction above base (Figs, 155, 156); 
Bolivia, Mato Grosso to northern Ar- 
gentina (Map 3) , ,„_ bisiriata 

Median apophysis without neck (Figs, 
141, 142, 148, 149) 4 

Median apophysis with an inner tooth on 
base facing radix (Figs. 141, 142); 
widespread in South America (Map 3) 
audax 

Median apophysis with an inner lobe on 
base facing radix (Figs. 148, 149); 
southern Brazil to Buenos Aires Fro v., 
Argentina (Map 3) ......^,__ undulata 

Embolus club-shaped, w ith a neck (Figs. 
129-135); widespread in South Amer- 
ica (Map 3) „_„„_^„__„.™„„_„„_.^„ kochi 

Embolus pointed at tip, without neck 

Median apophysis with a distal, fine point 
and a knob two-thirds along its length 
(Fig, 61); Central America to BoHvia, 
Brazil (Map 2) _., hypocrita 

Median apophysis otherwise .... ...^... 7 

Median apophysis distally forked into two 
branches with pointed tips (Figs. 68, 
73) 

Median apophysis otherwise (Figs. 80, 
122) 



-!* [ a I f --*- 



10 



9 



Southern Brazil (Figs. 73, Map 2) inopinata 
Mexico, Central America (Figs. 45, 68, 

Map 2) ..., _..„_„«_ _. „ . ,„_„„.. 

More proximal branch of median apoph- 
ysis pointed (Fig. 68); underside of ab- 
domen with median \\ hite patch „ 

t\i's{fp!iila 






Mure proximal branch of median apoph- 
ysis blunt (Fig. 45); underside of ab- 
domen with four white spots „„ 

,™. — „._„..._.. . ___....,... guatemalensis 

\h (li:in apophysis with two small distal 
lobes separated by a notch (1 igs. 80, 
t22) 1 1 



„.„...„.„..„_.._ 8 18(17) 



— Median apophysis otherwise (Figs. 39, 

51. 87, 93, 95) __.._ 12 

11(10). Median apophysis with tooth at middle 
of outer edge (Fig. 80); Amazon to 

Misiones Pro v., Argentina (Map 3) 

. _. ve hititta 

— Median apophysis without a tooth on 

outer edge (Fig. 122); Central Amer- 
ica (Map 2) .. „„.™_.^ „_ „ rigida 

12(10). Median apophysis with short, truncate 

branch as in Figures 52, 109 ,_.. „ 13 

- Median apophysis otherwise (Figs. 50, 

54, 102) , 14 

13(12). Median apophysis with ** vertical" keel 
above its base (Fig. 109); Amazon (Map 
2) „.„.,„ „„„.„..„ tarapoa 

— Median apophysis without a keel (Fig. 

52); Colombia (Map 2) ..„,...„.„.„._..„.....„„„.„ casa 
14(12). Median apophysis with outer edge swol- 
len at middle (Fig, 54); Colombian 
Amazon (Map 2) porvenir 

- Median apophysis with about same di- 

ameter throughout (Figs. 39, 87) 15 

15(14). Median apophysis bent more than 90 de- 
grees and with three knobs below^ its 
tip (Fig. 39); Costa Rica and Andes 
( M ap 2) ,„ ..„ _.... ritnosa 

- Median apophysis, if bent more than 90 

degrees, w^ith only one or two knobs 

(Figs. 102, 115) _, .„ ,„ 16 

16(15). Visible part of conductor almost as wide 
as long, subcircular (Fig. 102); median 
apophysis with 90 degree bend (Fig. 
102); Ecuador, Peru (Map 3) divisoria 

- Visible part of conductor longer than 

wide or mostly hidden (Figs. 51, 115); 
curvature of median apophysis less 
than 90 degrees .,._......, „,....„.. _. 17 

Median apophysis with "vertical" keel 
one third its length from base (Figs. 
51, 87) or near base (Figs. 93, 95) „„ 18 

Median apophysis without a keel near its 
base (Fig. 115); Peruvian Amazon 
(Map 3) ....„.„„„„.„„.... „„ maldonado 

Median apophysis with three distal knobs 
(Fig. 51); conductor large, longer than 
wide (Fig. 51); Mexico, Guatemala, 
Greater Antilles (Map 3) tredecimnofata 

— Median apophysis with only one or two 

distal knobs (Figs. 87, 93, 95); con- 
ductor smaller (Figs. 87, 93. 95) „...„..... 19 

19(18). Embolus equal to or larger in area than 
small terminal apophysis (Fig. 87); 
southern Brazil (Map 3) ., ..monticola 

— Embohis smaller in area than large ter- 

minal apopliysis (Figs, 93, 95) 20 

20{ 19). Tip of median apophysis extends beyond 
most dista! part of tegulum (Fig, 95); 
Peruvian Amazon (Map 3) _ tomha 

- Median apophysis shorter, not extending 

beyond tegulum edge (Fig. 93); Trin- 



17(16), 



Parawixia • Levi 



11 



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Map 3. Distribution of Parawixia species. 



12 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol 153, No. 1 



idad, Colombia, Peru, Brazil (Map 2) 
„ ..„._„.____™„.. ma tiapa 

Parawixia acapulco new species 
Figures 9-13; Map 2 

Holoiype. Female holotype from Revolcadero, Aca- 
pulco, Guerrero State, Mexico, July 1959 (N, L. H. 
Krauss), in AMNH. The specific name is a noun in 
apposition after the type locality. 

Note. The holotype is in poor condition, 
just molted, with its epigynum not com- 
pletely hardened. 

Description. Female holotype. Cara- 
pace orange with brow n spots, Chelicerae 
orange distally brown. Labium, endites 
brown. Sternum dusky with pairs of clear 
patches. Coxae, legs orange with brown 
spots and rings and white setae. Dorsum 
of abdomen whitisli, brown on sides {Fig. 
12); ventt^r black with a pair of white spots 
anterior to spinnerets (Fig, 13). Eyes small. 
Posterior median eyes 0.8 diameter of an- 
terior medians, laterals 0.7 diameter. An- 
terior median eyes L6 diameters apart. 
Posterior median eyes 2 diameters apart. 
A!)d(>men with 13 tubercles: four pairs on 
sides and five posterior (Fig. 12). Total 
length 12 mm. Carapace 4.2 mm long, 3.8 
wide. First femur 4.8 mm, patella and tibia 
5.8, metatarsus 3.5, tarsus 1.3. Second pa- 
tella and tibia 5.4 mm, third 3.0, fourth 
4,6. 

Variation. Total length of females 12.0 
to 13.1 mm. The illustrations were made 
from the holotype. 

Diagnosis. The long posterior median 
plate of the epigynum has a ventral con- 
striction (Fig, 10) unlike that of any otlier 
species. 

Paratypes. MEXICO Baja California 



Sur: 3.2 km SE Ribera, 26 July 1974, 5 (R, 
M. Haradon, W, E, Savary, V. F, Lee, 
CAS); 19 km S Todos Santos, 12 July 1968, 
22 (S, Williams, CAS), 

Parawixia honesta (0. P.-Cambriclge) 
Figures 14--18; Map 2 

Epeira honesta O P. -Cambridge, 1899: 300, pi. 37, 
fig. 6, 9. Female holotype from Omllteme, [Omil- 
temi, Guerrero State], Mexico, in BMNH no. 
1905,4.28.2834, examined. 

Parawixia honesta: — F, P. -Cambridge, 1904; 490, pi 
46, fig, 17, 9. Roewer, 1942: 871. Bonnet, 1958: 
334a 

Description. Female holotype. Cara- 
pace orange -brown with paired black 
patches. Chelicerae orange, distally brown. 
Sternum dark brown with paired orange 
patches. Coxae yellow with dark brown; 
legs orange to yellow with indistinct dark 
patches and rings. Dorsum of abdomen 
dark and light brown, with a folium out- 
line (Fig. 17); venter with four indistinct 
white spots in dusky area (Fig. 18). Pos- 
terior median eyes 0.8 diameter of anterior 
medians, anterior laterals 0.8 diameter, 
posterior laterals 0.9 diameter. Anterior 
median eyes their diameter apart. Poste- 
rior median eyes their diameter apart. Ab- 
domen with 13 tubercles: four pairs on 
sides, and five posterior (Fig. 17), Total 
length 17 mm. Carapace 6-0 mm long, 4.9 
w ide. First femur 7,7 mm, patella and tibia 
9.2, metatarsus 6.2, tarsus L9. Second pa- 
tella and tibia 7.9 mm, third 4.7, fourth 
7.L 

Diagnosis. The posterior median plate 
of the epigynum (Fig, 15) is wider than 
that of P. destricta (Figs. 21, 22), No ad- 
ditional specimens ha\ r been found. This 



Figures 1-8. Parawixia morphofogy. 1, 2, female carapace and chelicerae 3-8, male. 3. carapace. 4, eye region, chelicerae, 
right palpus. 5, eye region, chelicerae from below, 6, sternum, left endite. coxae, and trochanters. 7, 8, left palpus pulled apart. 
1-5. 7. 8. P. Budax. 6, P. nmosa. 

Figures 9-13, P. acapulcon. sp., female. 9-1 1, epigynum. 9, ventral. 10. posterior. 1 1JateraL 12, dorsal. 13, abdomen, ventral. 

Figures 14-18. P honesta (0. P -Cambridge), female. 14-16. epigynum. 14, ventral. 15, posterior. 16> lateral. 17, dorsal, IB, 
abdomen, ventral. 



Scale lines 1.0 mm, genitalia 0.1 mm. 



Parawixia • Levi 



13 




14 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 153, No. 1 



specimen may be conspecific with P. de- 
stricta. 

Parawixia destricta (O. P.-Cambridge) 
Figures 19-26; Map 2 

.Epeira destricta O. P.-Cambridge, 1889: 39, pi. 4, 
fig. 13, 6, not 14, 2. Male holotype from Bugaba, 
Chiriqui Prov., Panama, not in BMNH, not in HEC, 
lost. Keyserling, 1892: 105, pi. 5. fig. 78, 2, 5. 

Parawixia destricta: — F. P.-Cambridge, 1904: 488, 
pi. 46, figs. 9, 10, 2, i. Roevver, 1942: 870. Bonnet, 
1958: 3339. 

Note. O. P.-Cambridge (1889) de- 
scribed a male and figured a male and a 
female, the female of a Wixia. F. P. -Cam- 
bridge (1904) illustrated the male with the 
correct female and considered the 1889 
male, now lost, to be the type and the 
correct female a "deuterotvpe." The Brit- 
ish Museum has specimens erroneously 
marked as types, which come from Gua- 
temala, not from the type locality in Pan- 
ama. Keyserling (1892) had seen these 
Guatemala specimens, which were also ex- 
amined by F. P. -Cambridge; the male un- 
doubtedly is the same species as the lost 
male holotype. 

Description. Female from Guatemala. 
Carapace orangt thrown, lightest between 
median eyes, with paired dark spots and 
white setae on cephalic region. Sternum 
brown with three pairs of orange patches. 
Coxae orange with brown patches; legs 
yellowish orange with dark rings and 
patches. Dorsum of abdomen light and 
dark orange-brown (Fig. 24); venter with 
a brow n band and two pairs of w hite spots, 
the second pair largest {Fig. 25). Posterior 
median eves 0.7 diameter of anterior me- 
dians, anterior laterals 0.7 diameter, pos- 
terior laterals 0X5 diameter. Anterior me- 
dian eyes thtMr diarnt^tcT apart. Posterior 
median eyes their diameter apart. Abdo- 
men with 11 tubercles; four pairs on sides 
and three median posterior (Fig. 24). Total 
length 18 mm. Carapace 9.6 mm long, 5.5 
wide. First femur 10.6 mm, patella and 
tibia 11.7, metatarsus 7.6, tarsus 2.5. Sec- 
ond patella and tibia 10.2 mm, third 6.1, 
fourth 9.2. 



Male from Guatemala. Color as in fe- 
male. Posterior median eyes 0.6 diameter 
of anterior medians, anterior laterals 0.5 
diameter, posterior laterals 0.6 diameter. 
Anterior median eyes 0.7 diameter apart. 
Posterior median eyes their diameter apart. 
Fourth trochanter without macrosetae. 
Second femur with ventral row^ of strong 
macrosetae, third with a few macrosetae. 
Second tibia swollen, thicker than first, with 
prolateral macrosetae. Abdomen w ith five 
tubercles: a pair anterior and three pos- 
terior. Total length 7.5 mm. Carapace 4 J 
mm long, 3,4 wide, First femur 4.8 mm, 
patella and tibia 6.0, metatarsus 3.5, tarsus 
L4. Second patella and tibia 4.7 mm, third 
2.7, fourth 4.0. 

lUustrations. Figures 19, 21, 23-26 were 
made from specimens from Guatemala; 
Figures 20, 22, from a female from Chia- 
pas. 

Note. Males and females were collected 

together in Guatemala. 

Diagnosis, Females differ from those of 
other species by having the greatest width 
of the posterior median plate being about 
equal to the greatest width of the lateral 
plates in posterior view^ of the epigynum 
(Figs. 21, 22). Males difter fruui those of 
other species by the strongly curved me- 
dian apophysis of the palpus (Fig, 26). 

Natural History. The Mexican speci- 
mens were collected in a cloud forest. 

Records. MEXICO Oaxaca-Chiapas 
border: along ridge SE Cerro Baul, 21 km 
\V Hizo de Oro, 1,615 m, 6-8 Sept. 1972, 
29 (C. Mullinex, D. E. Breedlove, CAS), 
GUATEMALA 9, 23 (BMNH, 1905.4.28, 
2819-28822 incorrectly marked types). 

Parawixia barbacoas new species 
Figures 27-31 ; Map 2 

Holotype. Female holot>pc from near Barbacoas, 
Depto. Narino, Columbia, 20 m, 20 Mar. 1974 (W, 
Eberhard, WE 741), in MCZ. The specific name is 
a noun in apposition atter the type locahty. 

Description. Female holotype. Cara- 
pace orange, cephalic region with sym- 
metrical black markings, but w ithout pairs 



i\uj,AU /.v/.A •Levi 



15 





s«^*^^^J 



:y 









37 





^^Wff^ ^ 



x^ 



38 



m 



Figures 19^26. Parawixia destricta {0. P. -Cambridge). 19-25, female. 19-23, epigynum, 19, 20, ventraL 21, 22, posterior. 23, 
lateral 24, dorsal 25, abdomen, ventral 19, 21, 23, (Guatemala). 20, 22, (Chiapas). 26, left male palpus. 

Figures 27-31 . P. barbacoas n, sp,, female. 27-29, epigynum. 27. ventral 28, posterior. 29, tateral 30, dorsal 31, abdomen, 
ventral 

Figures 32-39. R rimosa (Keyserling). 32-38, female. 32-36, epigynum. 32, ventral 33-35. posterior. 36, lateral. 32, 33, 36, 
(syntype). 34, (Cauca, Colombia), 35, (Costa Rica). 37, dorsal 38. abdomen, ventral 39. male palpus. 

Scale fines 1 .0 mm, genitalia 0.1 mm. 



16 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 153, No. 1 



of black spots. Chelicerae, labium, endites 
dusky orange. Sternum clear orLUige with- 
out the usual light patches, Coxae orange, 
without dusky or darker marks; legs or- 
ange, ringed and spotted with black. Dor- 
sum of abdomen with black folium (Fig. 
30); venter black with a central white spot 
and a pair of smaller white spots in front 
of spinnerets (Fig. 31). Eyes large. Poste- 
rior median eves 0.9 diameter of anterior 
medians, laterals 0.7 diameter. Anterior 
median eyes their diameter apart, their 
diameter from laterals. Posterior median 
eyes their diameter apart, two diameters 
from laterals. Abdomen with four tuber- 
cles (Fig. 30), Total length 7.5 mm. Car- 
apace 3.5 mm long, 2.5 wide. First femur 
3.9 mm, patella and tibia 4.7, metatarsus 
2.9, tarsus 1,1. Second pattella and tibia 4.1 
mm, third 2.5, fourth 3.8. 

Variation, Total length of females 6.2 
to 10.7 mm. The coloration of all four spec- 
imens is similar but the Ecuadoran spec- 
imen has the posterior median plate less 
depressed anteriorly. Figures 27-31 were 
made from the holotype. 

Diagnosis. This species differs from otli- 
ers by having marks on the cephalic re- 
gion, lacking marks on the sternum, and 
by having only four abdominal tubercles 
(Fig. 30). The posterior median plate of 
the epigynum (Fig. 28) is diamond -shaped, 
unlike that of F. honesta (Fig. 15) and P. 
deslricta (Figs. 21, 22). 

Para types. COLOMBIA Valle: Cent. 
Hid. Aiichicaya, 400 m, 1978, 2 (W, Eber- 
hard, MCZ); no date, 9 (W. Eberhard E77, 
MCZ). ECUADOR Pirhincha: Rio Cora- 
zon, 6.5 km E Rio Tandapi, F750 m, 18 
Feb, 1979, 5 (L. Burnliam, MCZ), 

Parawixia rimosa (Keyserling) 
Figures 32-39; Map 2 

Epeira rimosa Keyserling, 1892: 110, pi 6, fig. 82, 9. 
Three fenmle syntypes antl two iiniiiLLlures from 
Bogota, Colombia/in liMMI no. 1890.7,1.4674^8, 
examined. 

Parawixia hamata F. P-Cambriilgr. 1904: 489, pi 46, 
fig. 13, d. Parts of male holotype from Costa Rica, 
in BMNH, examined. Roewer, 1942: 871. Bonnet, 
1958: 3340. NEW SYNONYMY. 



Aranea destrictoides Strand, 1908: 2. Female holo- 
type from "Popayan oder Cauca*' [Popayan, Depto. 
Cauca], Colombia, in SMF, examined. NEW SYN- 
ONYMY. 

Parawixia destrictoides: — Roewer, 1942: 870. Bon- 
net, 1958: 3340. 

Parawixia rimosa: — Roevver, 1942: 871. Bonnet, 1958: 
334 L 

Description. Female from Depto. Cau- 
ca, Colombia, Carapace orange with darker 
spots, darker between median and lateral 
eyes. Sternum dusky orange with three 
pairs of lighter patches. Coxae orange with 
darker streaks; legs dark orange w ith dusky 
patches and indistinct dusky rings. Dor- 
sum of abdomen orange brown (Fig. 37); 
venter V)lack w ith a median light spot (Fig. 
38). Carapace relatively flat and low. Pos- 
terior median eyes 0,9 diameter of anterior 
medians, laterals 0.8 diameter, Anterior 
median eyes their diameter apart. Poste- 
rior median eyes their diameter apart. Ab- 
domen with 10 tubercles (Fig. 37). Total 
length 1L7 mm. Carapace 4,8 mm long, 
3.6 wide. First femur 5.7 mm, patella and 
tibia 6.9, metatarsus 4.1, tarsus 1.3. Second 
patella and tibia 6.3 mm, third 3.6. fourth 
5.6. 

Male from San Pedro, Colombia. Color 
as in female with distinct, median white 
patch on black venter of abdomen. Pos- 
terior median eyes 0.7 diameter of anterior 
medians, laterals 0.7 diameter. Anterior 
median eyes their diameter apart. Poste- 
rior median eyes their diameter apart. 
Fourth trochanter with two macrosetae. 
Second femur w ith a ventral row of macro- 
setae. Abdomen as in female. Total length 
8.2 mm. Carapace 4.3 mm long. 3.5 w ide. 
First femur 5,1 mm, patc^lla and tibia 6.3, 
metatarsus 3.9, tarsus 1.5, Second patella 
and tibia 4.9 mm, third 2.9, fourth 4.5. 

Note. Males and females have not been 
collpcted together but both sexes have been 
collected in San Pedro, Colombia, and their 
distribution is similar. 

Variation. The proportions of the epigy- 
nimi of the synt\ pe illustrated are similar 
to those of the female from Cauca. In no 
two individuals is the posterior median 
plate exactly alike (Figs, 33-35), and the 



pAnAWixiA^Levi 



17 



terminal apophysis of males differs slightly 
among individuals. Some individuals have 
only four tubercles on the abdomen: two 
widely separated median anterior tuber- 
cles, and two median posterior, close to- 
gether. Of the three syntypes of Epeira 
rimosa, the epigynum of the one recently 
molted is illustrated (Figs. 32, 33, 36), Fig- 
ures 36 to 38 were made from a specimen 
from Costa Rica; Figure 34 was made from 
a specimen from Cauca, Colombia, and 
Figure 39, from Magdalena Dept., Colom- 
bia. Total length of females 9.7 to 14 mm, 
of males 6.2 to 9.5. 

Diagnosis. All specimens of this species 
have a median white patch on the black 
venter of the abdomen (Fig. 38). Females 
can be separated from those of P. destricta 
and P. barbacoas by the wide posterior 
median plate and relatively narrow^ lateral 
plates in posterior view of the epigynum 
(Figs. 33-35). Males can be distinguished 
by the strongly curved median apophysis 
and from P. destricta by the shape of the 
embolus (Fig. 39), 

Natural History. Most specimens come 
from high elevations, above 1,000 m, but 
a few^ are from low elevations. The pair 
from Ecuador came from a rain forest in 
Tinalandia. 

Distribution. Costa Rica, Colombia to 
Bolivia (Map 2). 

Records. COSTA RICA Heredia: La 
Selva, 50 m, 9 (W, Eberhard 2756, MCZ). 
San Jose: nr. Tunel Zurqui, 1,400 m, 9 (W. 
Eberhard, MCZ). Puntarenas: Monte ver- 
de, CampbelFs woods, 1,500 m, 5 Apr. 
1979, S (J Coddington, MCZ), COLOM- 
BIA Magdalena: San Pedro, 1,160 m, 3 
Apr. 1975, 6 (J. A. Kochalka, MCZ); San 
Pedro, 500- LOGO m, 1 Aug. 1985. 9 (H.- 
G. Miiller, SMF); Serra Nueva Granada, 
1,300 m, 12 Apr. 1975, 2 (J. A. Kochalka, 
MCZ); Pueblo Belfo, 1,100 m, 10-17 June 
1968, 6 (B. Malkin, AMNH), Antioqiiia: 
Ituango, 1,450 m, 26 May 1989, 2 (M. A. 
Serna, MNHMC). Cauca: betw^een Piena- 
mo and Mondomo, $ (W. Eberhard 567, 
MCZ). Hiiila: 19 km E Station Leticia, 
2,300 m. Mar. 1976, 9 (W. Eberhard, MCZ), 



Narifio: Barbacoas, 20 Mar. 1974, 9 (W, 
Eberhard 730, MCZ); La Planada, 1,800 
m, 7 km S Chocones, July 1986, 29 (W, 
Eberhard, MCZ). ECUADOR Pichincha: 
Tinalandia, 16 km E Santo Domingo, 680 
m, 4 May-25 July 1985, 2, 6 (S., J. Peck, 
AMNH). Bolivar: Balzapampa, May to 
June 1938. 2 (W. C. Macintyre, MCZ). 
PERU Aniazonas: Alto Rio Comaina, 
Pueste de Vigilancia 22, "Falso Paquisha," 
850-1,150 m, 21 Oet.-3 Nov. 1987, 2 (D. 
Silva D., MUSM). Jtinin: Amable Maria, 
9 (K. Jelski, PAN). BOLIVIA La Paz: Rio 
Zongo, 1,900-2,200 m, 24 Oct. -3 Nov. 
1984, 2 (L. Pena, AMNH). Cochabamba: 
Yungas Chapare, 1,900-2,800 m, 10-12 
Dec. 1984, 2 (L. Pena, AMNH), 

Parawixia guatemalensis{0- P.-Cambridge) 
Figures 40-45; Map 2 

Epeira guatemalensis O. P, -Cam bridge, 1889: 40, pi. 
7, fig. 7, 9, not fig. 8, 6. Female lectotype (with 
most legs separated) designated by F. P.-Cam- 
bridge from "Livingston, Chicoyoito [?], Polochic 
\ alley near Tarnahu [Rio Polochic, Alta Verapazl, 
Cubilguitz [Gubilguitz, Depto. Alta Verapaz, 
15°38'N, 90°22^W1 Guatemala." in BMNH no, 1905. 
4,28.2826-30. Keyserling, 1892: 112, pL 6, fig. 83, 
9, not 6, 

Epeira merens O. P.-Cambridge, 1898: 246, pL 31, 
fig. 2, ?. Five female syntypes from Atoyac [18^54'N, 
96°46'W], Veracruz State, Mexico, in BMNH no. 
1905.4.28.2826-2830, examined. First synony- 
mized by F, P.-Cambridge, 1904. 

Parawixia guatemalensis: — F. P.-Cambridge, 1904: 
489, pi. 46, fig. 14, 9. Roewer, 1942: 870. Bonnet, 
1958: 3340. 

Description. Female lectotype. Cara- 
pace orange to brown. Sternum orange 
with three pairs of light patches. Coxae 
yellow ish w ith brown patches; legs yellow- 
ish w ith brown patches and rings. Dorsum 
of abdomen with blackish brown median 
longitudinal band and w hite cardiac mark 
(Fig. 43); venter with black band contain- 
ing two pairs of white spots (Fig. 44). Pos- 
terior median eyes 0.7 diameter of anterior 
medians, laterals 0,8 diameter. Anterior 
median eyes their diameter apart. Poste- 
rior median eyes their diameter apart. Ab- 
domen with nine tubercles (10 according 
to F, P.-Cambridge): tw o pairs on sides and 



18 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, VoL 153, No. 1 



five posterior (Fig, 43). Total length 12 
mm. Carapace 5-2 mm lung, A A wide. First 
femur 50 mm, patella and tibia 6 6. meta- 
tarsus 4,1, tarsus L5. Second patella and 
tibia 6,0 mm, third 3,6, fourth 5.5. 

Male. Color as in female but with dark 
patches on carapace and abdomen darker 
witliout cardiac mark. Posterior median 
eyes 0.7 diameter of anterior medians, an- 
terior laterals 0.7 diameter, posterior lat- 
erals 0.6 diameter. Anterior median eyes 
0,6 diameter apart- Posterior median eyes 
0.8 diameter apart. Fourth trochanter with 
three macrosetae, A pair of macrosetae, 
side by side on proximal end of femur. 
Second tibia thicker than first, swollen w ith 
prolateral macrosetae. Abdomen as in fe- 
male. Total length 9,3 mm. Carapace 5.2 
mm long, 4.3 mm wide. First femur 7.5 
mm, patella and tibia 8.5 mm, metatarsus 
5.S mm, tarsus 3,3 mm. Second patella and 
tibia 6,3 mm, third 3.8 mm, fourth 5.7 
mm. 

Note, Males and females were matched 
because of similar size and both having 
four white spots on the underside of the 
abdomen. 

Variation. The females other than the 
type have three pairs of lateral abdominal 
tubercles and five posterior. Total length 
of females 11,3 to 15.0 mm. The female 
lectotype and the only male have been 
illustrated. 

Diagnosis. The long, vase-shaped pos- 
terior median plate of the epigymim (Fig. 
41) and the relatively short scape are di- 
agnostic (Figs. 40, 42), The male differs 
from that of P, nesopJiiJa by having four 
white spots on the underside of the ab- 
doiiien and details of the palpal sclerites. 

Natural History. The male was collect- 
ed in a cloud forest. 

Records. MEXICO Oaxaca-Chiapas: 
ridge SE Cerro Bauh 21 km W Rizo de 
Oiu, 1,615 m, 6-8 Sept. 1972, 6 (C. Mul- 
liuex, n. E. lireedlove, CAS). GUATE- 
' ' \LA Suchitepeqtiez: Finca Santa Ade- 
laida, 13 km N Santa Barbara, 14. 15 July 
1959. 9 (( , P. Vaurie, AMNH). 



Parawixia tredecimnotata F. P.-Cambridge 
Figures 46'-51 ; Map 3 

Parawixia tredecimnotata F. P.-Cambridge, 1904: 
490. pi. 46, fig, 16, 9. Female holotvpe from Gua- 
temala, in BMNH no. 1905.4.28.2833, examined. 
Roewer, 1942: STL Bonnet, 1958; 3341. 

Parawixia cambridgei Bryant, 1940: 342, figs. 104- 
106, 5, $. Female holotvpe from coast below Pico 
Turquino, Santiago de Cuba Prov., Cuba, in MCZ, 
examined. Brignoli, 1983: 278. NEW SYNONY- 
MY. 

Description. Female holotype of F. tre- 
decimnotata. Carapace brown with darker 
brown spots, Sterninii brow^ii with pairs of 
hght patches. Coxae hghter than sternum; 
legs brow^n w ith darker patches. Dorsum 
of abdomen brown, darker on sides (Fig. 
49); venter with two dark brown patches 
side by side (Fig. 50), Eyes subrqual. An- 
terior median eyes slightly less than their 
diameter apart. Posterior median eyes their 
diameter apart. Abdomen subspherical, 
with 13 tubercles (Fig. 49). Total length 
12.7 mm. Carapace 5.8 mm long, 4.7 wide. 
First femur 6.8 mm, patella and tibia 8.4, 
metatarsus 5.1, tarsus 1.8. Second patella 
and tibia 7,5 mm, third 4.7, fourth 7.2. 

Male from Yucatan, Mexico. Color 
lighter, more orange than female and w ith 
a pair of light patches on venter in front 
of spinnerets. Posterior median eyes 0,7 
diameter of anterior medians, laterals 0.6 
diameter. Anterior median eyes 0.8 di- 
ameter apart. Posterior median eyes 1,1 
diameters apart. Second, third and fourth 
femora each with a row^ of ventral macro- 
setae. Third trochanter with one short 
macroseta. Abdomen with 13 tubercles. 
Total length 9.4 mm, Carapace 5.4 mm 
long, 4,4 w idc. First femtir 6.7 mm, patella 
and tibia 8.0, metatarsus 4,9, tarsus 1.7, 
Second patella and tibia 5,9 mm, third 4.1, 
fourtii 5.8. 

Note. TIk^ female and the male were 
collected together in Cuba. 

Variation. Total length of females 1L5 
to 16.0 mm, of males 8.1 to 9.4. The male 
paratype of P. camhridgei has macrosetae 
on the third and fourtli trochanters. The 



pARAWixiA*Levi 



19 





Figures 40-45. Parawixia guatemalensis {O. P. -Cambridge), female. 40-42, epigynum. 40, ventral. 41, posterior. 42, lateraL 
43, dorsaL 44, abdomen, ventral. 45, left palpus. 

Figures 46^51 P. tredecimnotata F. P.-Cambridge. 46-50. female. 46-48. epigynum. 46, ventral 47, posterior. 48. lateral. 49, 
dorsaL 50, abdomen, ventral. 51, male palpus. 

Figures 52, 53. P. casa n. sp,, male, 52. palpus. 53, dorsal. 

Figures 54, 55, P. porvenirn. sp,, male. 54, palpus. 55. dorsaf. 

Scafe lines 1.0 mm, genitalia 0.1 mm. 



20 



Bulletin Musetim of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 153, No. 1 



female holotype and a male from Yucatan 
have been illustrated. 

Diagnosis. Females have a pair of more 
or less distinct bulges on the ceplialic re- 
gion (Fig. 49). The female can be sepa- 
rated from other Central American Para- 
wixia species by the relatively long, flat 
scape of the epigynum (Figs. 46, 48). In 
some individuals the scape has been bro- 
ken off. The male can be separated by the 
shape of the relatively small terminal 
apophysis, the large conductor, and the 
shape of the median apophysis (Fig, 51). 
This is the only Parawixia species known 
from the Greater Antilles, 

Natural Histonj. Specimens were found 
in a short tropical rain forest in Campeche, 
Mexico, and on a building in Jamaica, 

Disfribiition. Southern Mexico, Guate- 
mala, and Greater Antilles (Map 3). 

Records. MEXICO Chiapas: Tampico, 
15 July 1909, 9 (F. A, Schwarz, USNM). 
Campeche: Chicanna Ruins, ca. 8 km W 
Xpujil, 18°32'N, 89"3rW, 12-14 July 1983, 
2 (W. Maddison, MCZ). Yucatan: Chichen 
Itza, 16 July 1952, S {J, D. Pallister, 
AMNH). BELIZE Corosal, 28 June 1975, 
29 (W. C. Sedgwick, MCZ). JAMAICA 
Westmoreland: iNegril, 23-30 Mar. 1981, 
6 (H., L. Levi, MCZ). HAITI Damiens, 
1931, 2 (H, L. Dozier, AMNH). 



Parawixia casa new species 
Figures 52, 53; Map 2 

Holotype. Male hototype from Call, Colombia, on 
house, 1973, 1974 (W, Kberharcl), in MC]Z. The 
specific name Is a noun in apposition after the Span- 
ish worti for hntise. 

Descripfion, Male holotype. Carapace 
orange, wilh paired spots, sides of thoracic 
region dusky, dark dnsk\' between median 
and lateral eyes. Sternum dusky orange 
with three pairs of t It ar orange patches. 
Coxae dusky orange; legs orange to mostly 
gray and black. A w hite transverse line on 
dorsimi of abdomen (Fig, 53) between an- 
terior tubercles and a folium in middle; 
venter dusky with two pairs of tiny white 
spots in center. Posterior median eyes 0.7 



diameter of anterior medians, laterals 0/6 
diameter. Anterior median eyes 0.9 di- 
ameter apart. Posterior median eyes their 
diameter apart. Fourth trochanter w ith tw o 
short macrosetae. Third femur onlv with 
a distinct row^ of ventral macrosetae. Ab- 
domen with five tubercles: one pair an- 
terior and three posterior in a row^ (Fig. 
53). Total length 8.0 mm. Carapace 4.2 
mm long, 3.4 wide. First legs missing. Sec- 
ond patella and tibia 4.5 mm, third 2,7, 
fourth 4.0. 

Note. The male was first thought to be 
that of P. barhacoaSy for which only tlie 
female is known, but they differ in col- 
oration of the carapace, of the sternum, 
and of the venter of the abdomen. 

Diagnosis. The peculiar shape of the 
median apophysis of the palpus (Fig. 52) 
distinguisfies the male from males of other 
species. 

Parawixia porvenir new species 
Figures 54, 55; Map 2 

Holotype. Male holotype from Finca Chenevo, ca. 
20 km N Rio Muco, 20 km S El Porvenir, 170 m, 
Depto. Meta, Columl:ita, no date (\V. Elierhard), in 
MCZ. The specific name is a noun in apposition 
after the type locaHty. 

Description, Male holotype. Carapace 
yellowish with a dusky patch on each side 
extending posteriorly from below lateral 
eyes to anterior of thoracic region, and 
lacking paired dark spots (Fig. 55). Che- 
licerae yellowish with a dusky streak. En- 
dites, labium dusky yellowish. Sternum 
dusky with three pairs of clear \ellowish 
patches. Coxae yellowish; legs yellow^ w ith 
dusky marks and rings. Dorsum of abdo- 
men spotted, with foUum outlined with 
black. Venter dusky with three pairs of 
small white spots. Posterior median eyes 
0.8 diameter of anterior medians, laterals 
0.7 diameter. Anterior median eyes their 
diameter apart. Posterior median eyes their 
diameter apart. Fourtli trochanter with tw o 
short macrosetae (mi one side, one on the 
other. Second, third, and fourth femora 
each with ventral row of macrosetae. Ab- 
domen with five tubercles: one pair an- 



Parawixi \ •Levi 



21 



terior and three posterior median. Total 
length 5.5 mm. Carapace 2.7 nun long, 2.1 
wide. First femur 3.1 mm, patella and tibia 
3.5, metatarsus 2.1, tarsus 0.3. Second pa- 
tella and tibia 2.7 mm, third L5, fourth 
2 7 

Diagnosis. The first tarsus only, on both 
sides, is minute. This may be a character 
of the species or a malformation of the 
male. The C- shaped embolus, which ap- 
pears to have a cap, and the distal lobe of 
the median apophysis make the palpus dis- 
tinct from that of other species (Fig. 54). 

Parawixia hypocrita (0. P. -Cambridge) 
Figures 56-62; Map 2 

Epeira hypocrita O. P. -Cambridge, 1889: 38, pL 5, 
fig. 8, $. Male holotype from Biigaba, Chiriqui Pro v., 
Panama, in BMNH, examined. The male was on a 
pin in alcohol, which was removed. Keyserling, 
1892: 109, pi 5, fig. 81, 5. 

Parawixia hypocrita: — F. P. -Cambridge, 1904; 489, 
pi. 46, fig. 12, 6. Roewer, 1942: 871. Bonnet, 1958; 
3340. 

Description, Female from Barro Colo- 
rado Island, Panama. Carapace orange- 
brown with darker spots. Sternum, coxae, 
legs orange -brown. Dorsum of abdomen 
black-brow^n and white (Fig. 59); venter 
black with a white spot in center (Fig. 60). 
Posterior median eyes 0.8 diameter of an- 
terior medians, laterals 0.7 diameter. An- 
terior median eyes their diameter apart. 
Posterior median eyes their diameter apart. 
Abdomen with about 10 tul)ercles (Fig. 
59). Total length 1L7 mm. Carapace 5,0 
mm long, 4.0 wide. First femur 6,2 mm, 
patella and tibia 7.7, metatarsus 4.6, tarsus 
L5. Second patella and tibia 6.8 mm, third 
4.0, fourth 6.2. 

Male holotype. Color as in female, ex- 
cept for abdominal pattern of tfie holotype 
(Fig. 62). Posterior median eyes 0.6 di- 
ameter of anterior medians, anterior lat- 
erals 0.6 diameter, posterior laterals 0.5 
diameter. Anterior median eyes their di- 
ameter apart. Posterior median eyes their 
diameter apart. Fourth trochanter w ith two 
short macrosetae. Total length 6.4 mm. 
Carapace 3.6 mm long, 2.7 wide. First fe- 



mur 5.2 mm, patella and tibia 6.1, meta- 
tarsus 3.4, tarsus 1.1. Second patella and 
tibia 5.3 mm, third 2.5, fourth 3.7. 

Note. The species is common in Pana- 
ma, and males and females were collected 
together. 

Variation. Total length of females from 
10.2 to 15.0 mm, of males 6.2 to 7.2. Spec- 
imens from Napo, Ecuador, lack the me- 
dian ventral white spot. The male holotype 
and a female from Barro Colorado Island, 
Puuama, were illustrated. 

Diagnosis. The abdomen of the females 
is trapezoidal (Figs. 59, 62), Females can 
be separated from similar species by the 
small, square, posterior median plate of 
the epigynum (Fig. 57). The palpus of the 
male differs from that of any other species 
in having a pointed median apophysis 
bearing a small knob on its margin (Fig. 
61). 

Distrihution. Guatemala to Roraima 
Terr., Brazil, and Beni Prov., Bolivia (Map 

2). 

Records. GUATEMALA Livingston, 

May, 5 (USNM). NICARAGUA Musawas, 
10-31 Oct. 1955, 9 (B. Malkin, AMNH). 
COSTA RICA Heredia: La Selva, Dec. 
19S0, imm. (W. Eberhard 2175, MCZ); 
Feb. 1986, 9 (W. Eberhard 3229, MCZ). 
PANAMA Panama: Barro Colorado Is- 
land, 16 July 1954, numerous 29, 66 from 
several collretions (AMNH, MCZ); Exper- 
imental Gardens, Chilibre, Fort Sherman, 
(all A. M. Chickering, MCZ); Gam boa (W. 
Eberhard, MCZ). COLORADO Nariiio: 
La Planada, 1,800 m. 7 km S Chocones, 
Aug. 1986, 2 (W. Eberhard, MCZ). EC- 
UADOR Napo: Cuyabeno, Puce Field Sta., 
1-7 Aug. 1988, $ '(W. Maddison, MCZ); 
Cuyabeno, Laguna Grande, 25-29 June 
1988, 9 (W. Maddison, MCZ); Dureno, S. 
Rio Aguarico, 25-30 Sept. 1977, 5 (L. Peiia, 
AMNH). PERU Madre de Dios. Zona Re- 
servada Pakitza, 20 Sept. 1987, 9 (I. Bo- 
horquez M., MUSM). BRAZIL Roraima: 
Ilha do Maraca, 21 July 1987, 22 (A. A. 
Lise, MCN). BOLIVIA Beni. Estac. Biol. 
Beni, 9 Sept. 1987, 2 (J. Coddington, S. 
Larcher, USNM). 



22 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 153, No. 1 



Parawixia nesophila Chamberlin and Ivie 
Figures 63-68; Map 2 

Parawixia nesophila Chamberlin and Ivie, 1936: 52, 
pL 16, figs, 141-143, 9. Female holot>'pe from Barro 
Colorado Island, Lago Gatun, Panama, in AMNH, 
examined. Roewer, 1942; STL Bonnet, 1958: 3340. 

Description, Female holotype. Cara- 
pace orange with symmetrical dark marks, 
darkest between mt^dian and lateral eyes, 
lightest between median eyes (Fig. 66), 
Sternum dusky with paired orange patches 
on sides. Coxae orange with dusky patches; 
legs orange with brown spots and rings. 
Dorsum of abdomen orange-brown with 
brown streaks and spots, and folium out- 
Uned with dark brown (Fig. 66). Venter 
1>lack with a white patch in middle (Fig, 
67). Posterior median eves 0.8 diameter of 
anterior medians, laterals 0.8 diameter. 
Anterior median eyes their diameter apart. 
Posterior median eyes their diameter apart. 
Abdomen with 12 tubercles; the anterior 
lateral tubercle is double and the tubercle 
above the spinnerets is missing {Fig. 66), 
Total length 12,0 mm. Carapace 6 1 mm 
long, 4.8 wide. First femur 6,8 mm, patella 
and tibia 8.5, metatarsus 5.3, tarsus L5. 
Second patella and tibia 7.7 mm, third 4,4, 
fourth 7.0. 

Male from Barro Colorado Island. Color 
as in female, but carapace without dark 
marks. Posterior median eyes 0.7 diameter 
of anterior medians, anterior laterals 0,7 
diameter, posterior laterals 0,6 diameter. 
Anterior median eyc^s 0.7 diameter apart. 
Posterior median eyes their diameter apart. 
Fourth trochanter with two short macro- 
setae. Abdomen with 12 tubercles: the sec- 
ond, third, and fourth pairs small. Total 
length 8,0 mm. Carapace 4.7 mm long, 8.9 
wide. 1 irst femur 6.0 mm, patella and tibia 
7.0, nictatarsus 4,2, tarsus 1,4. Second pa- 
tella and tibia 5.4 mm, third 3T, fourlli 
4.8. 

Note, The male was collected at the type 
locality. 

Yariation. Total length of females 9,0 
t(^ 14,4 mm, of males 8.0 to 8,8, All illus- 
trations were made from Barro Colorado 
Island specimens. 



Diagnosis, The 13 abdominal tubercles, 
with anterior laterals double (Fig. 66), and 
the narrow^ median posterior plate of the 
epigynum, bordered on each side by con- 
vex margins of the lateral plates (Fig. 64), 
distinguish this species from the Brazilian 
P. inopinaia (Fig. 70). The male differs 
from F, gnat e male nsis (Fig, 45) and P. 
inopinata (Fig. 73) by the shape of the 
terminal apophysis and median apophysis 
of the palpus (Fig, 68), and from F. gua- 
temalensis by having a median w hite patch 
on the underside of the abdomen. 

Natural History. Parawixia nesophila is 
apparently found in forested areas. A male 
was found in Costa Rica in leaf litter. 

Records. COSTA RICA Hacienda de Li- 
m6n[?, unknown locality], 2 (USNM). Piin- 
tarenas: Rincon de Osa, 15 Aug. 1966, S 
(S. Feck, AMNH), PANAMA Colon: Parai- 
so, Feb. 1911, 9 (E. A. Schwarz, USNM). 
Panama: Barro Colorado Island, Lago Ga- 
tun, Aug. 1928, 29 (A. M. Chickering, 
AMNH); July 1936, 2; Aug. 1939, 22; July 
1950, 9; July 1954, 2; Aug. 1954, 3, imm. 
(all A, M. Chickering, MCZ); 2 (Y. Lubin, 
MCZ). 

Parawixia inopinata Camargo 
Figures 69-73; Map 2 

Parawixia inopinata Camargo, 1950: 223, pi. 2, figs. 
7-9, pi. 13, figs. 2, 3, (3, Male holotype from Bora- 
ceia, Mim, Salesopolis, Est. Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 
M7SP no. 1347, examined. Brignoli, 1983: 278. 

Description. Female from Rio Grande 
do Sul, Brazil. Carapace orange with a pair 
of darker spots on cephalic region and a 
thin duskv line on each side of thoracic 
region (Fig. 72). Sternum dusky orange. 
Coxae orange w ith dusky distal patch; legs 
orange with black rings on first tw o femora 
and at ends of tibiae and tarsi. Dorsum of 
abdomen yellowish with black patches 
(Fig. 72); venter black behind epigynum, 
white in front of spinnerets. Posterior me- 
dian eves 0.7 diameter of anterior medi- 
ans, laterals 0.6 diameter. Anterior median 
eyes 0.8 diameter apart. Posterior median 
eyes their diameter apart. Abdomen nar- 
row with three pairs of lateral tubercles. 



Pa RAW I XI A •Levi 



23 








X 








Figures 56-62, Parawixia hypocritaiO. P.-Cambridge). 56-60, female. 56-58, epigynum. 56, ventral. 57, posterior 58, lateral. 
59, dorsaL 60, abdomen, ventraL 61. 62, male. 61, left palpus. 62, dorsal. 

Figures 63-68. P. nesophiia Chamberlin and W\e. 63-67, female. 63-65, epigynum. 63, ventral. 64, posterior, 65, lateral. 66. 
dorsal. 67, abdomen, ventral. 68^ male palpus. 

Figures 69-73, P. inopinata Camargo. 69-72, female 69-71, epigynum. 69, ventraL 70, posterior. 71, lateral 72, dorsaL 73, 
male palpus. 

Scale tines 1.0 mrhp genitalia 0.1 mm. 



24 Bulletin Museum of ComparatiDe Zoology, VoL 153, No. 1 



four posterior {Fig. 72). Total length 12.0 
mm. Carapace 4.7 mm long, 3.5 v^ ide. First 
femur 6.9 mm, patella and tihia 8/0, meta- 
tarsus 6.0, tarsus 1.9. Second patella and 
tibia 4.7 mm, third 3.9, fourth 6.7, 

Male holotype. Posterior median eyes 
0.7 diameter of anterior medians, laterals 
0.7 diameter. Anterior median e\ us L3 di- 
ameters apart. Posterior median eyes 1.5 
diameters apart. Fourth trochanter with 
three short macrosetae. Al)domen with tu- 
bercles as in female. Total length 7.8 mm. 
Carapace 4.2 mm long, 3.3 wide. First fe- 
mur 5.8 mm, patella and tibia 7,3, meta- 
tarsus 5.5, tarsus 1.6. Second patella and 
tibia 5-0 mm, third 3.0, fourth 5.0, 

Note. Male and female are matched on 
the basis of their similar abdomen shape 
(Fig. 72). Also the genitalia of both sexes 
(Figs. 69-7 L 73) resemble those of P. ne- 
saphila. 

Diagnosis. Both the male and the fe- 
male are close to the Panamanian P. ne- 
sophila. The female differs by having a 
bottle-shaped posterior median plate of the 
epigynum (Fig. 70). The male differs by 
having h>nger prongs of the median 
apophysis of the palpus (Fig. 73), 

Record, BRAZIL Rio Grande do Sid: 
CaracoK Canela, 27 Dec. 1972, 9 (M. Fer- 
nandez, MCN 06S9). 

Parawixia velutina (Taczanowski), 
new combination 
Figures 74-80; Map 3 

Epeira velutina Taczanowski. 1878: 159, pi- 1, fig. 
10, ?. Female lectotype here designated from \\ asp 
nest from Amabie Maria, Depto. Juntn, Peru, in 
PAN, examined. 

Aranea ue/u^UM;— Roewer, 1942: 855, 

**Araneus" eriopharoides di Caporiacco, 1954: HI, 
figs. 29, 29a. Female irum Trypoxylon wasp nest 
from Charvein, I icjich Guiana, lost (not in MNHN, 
MZUF). Brignoli, 1983: 262. NEW SYNONYMY. 

Araneus veluiinus: — Bonnet, 1955: 627. 

Note. The type collrction from a wasp 
nest contains the female lectotype and one 
female and one immature paralectotype 
of £. velutina, three female paralecto- 
types, that are probably P. ouro, and a 
male and an immature paralectotype, that 
are Wagner iana jelshii. 



Measurements and illustrations of A. er- 
iophoroides suggest that it is this species. 

Description . Female lectotype. Cara- 
pace orange with a pair of dusky spots, 
darker on clypeus and lateral to median 
eyes. Sternum dusky with three pairs of 
light patches. Coxae yellowish with dusky 
patches; legs yellowish with darker rings. 
Dorsum of abdomen with faint indications 
of a folium (Fig. 78); venter dusky with 
three to four pairs of indistinct white round 
spots (Fig. 79). Posterior median eyes 0,8 
diameter of anterior medians, laterals 0.7 
diameter. Anterior median eyes their di- 
ameter apart. Posterior median eyes tlieir 
diameter apart. Abdomen with 15 tuber- 
cles: four pairs on sides, one small anterior 
median, and six posterior. Of these, one 
pair and four medians above spinnerets. 
Posterior tubercles with cap (Fig, 78), To- 
tal length 9,6 mm. Carapace 4.7 mm long, 
3.6 wide. First femur 4.5 mm, patella and 
tibia 6.2, metatarsus 3.6, tarsus F3. Second 
patella and tibia 5.6 mm, third 3.1, fourth 
5.0. 

Male from near Puerto Lleras, Meta, 
Colombia. Carapace orange with paired 
dark spots and w hile setae. Sternum dusky 
w ith pairs of clear orange patches on sides. 
Coxae, legs orange* Dorsum of abdomen 
speckled white, venter dusky white. Pos- 
terior median eves 0.7 diameter of anterior 
medians, anterior laterals 7 diameter, 
posterior laterals 0.6 diameter. Anterior 
median eyes their diameter apart. Poste- 
rior median eyes their diameter apart. 
Fourth trochanter with three stout macro- 
setae. All femora with ventral rtiw of mac- 
rosetae. Abdomen with at least 11 tuber- 
cles. Total length 7.8 mm. Carapace 4.7 
mm long, 3,8 wide. First femur 5.2 mm, 
patella and tibia 6.4, metatarsus 3.7, tarsus 
1.3. Second patella and tibia 5.4 mm, third 
3,1, fourth 4,3. 

Note, Males and females were collected 
together in Mato G rosso, and both were 
collected at a second locality in Mato G ros- 
so although not together. 

Variation. Total length of females 11 to 
13.6 mm, of males 6.2 to 9.2, The anterior 
median tubercle of the abdomen and the 



pARAwixiA •Levi 



25 



most posterior tubercle above the spinner- 
ets may be present or absent. Figures 74- 
79 \\ ere made from a female from Dia- 
mantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Figure 80 
was made from a male from Meta Dept,, 
Colombia, 

Diagnosis. Females can be separated 
from most Paniwixia species by the shape 
of the scape, which has a knob above its 
tip. From P. monticola they are separated 
by another feature of the epigynum: the 
lateral plates overhang the median plate, 
forming a slit with almost parallel edges 
in posterior view (Figs, 75, 76). The male 
can be separated from males of most spe- 
cies by the three macrosetae on the fourth 
trochanter, by having the median apoph- 
ysis distally bilobed, and having proxi- 
mallv a small tooth just above the radix 
{Fig. 80), 

Nat lira! History. A male was collected 
by sweeping shrubs in Colombia, and from 
a forest in Argentina- 

Distribution. Amazon area, Guianas to 
Misiones Prov., Argentina (Map 3). 

Records. GUYANA nr. Yupukarri, Ru- 
jununi Riv., 10 Nov. 1937, $ (W. G. Ilass- 
:er, AMNH). COLOMBIA Meta: Monte 
Redondo, 1,500 m, 45 km W Villavicencio, 
June 1949, 6 (L. Richter, AMNH); Loma- 
linda. nr, Puerto Lleras, 3°16'N, 73^23'W, 
26 Sept, 1985, 6 (B. Carroll MCZ); 6 km 
SW Puerto Lopez, 9 (W. Eberhard 1480, 
MCZ). PERU Apurimac: Ninabamba, Rio 
Pampas, [2,135 m, ca. 13^28'N, 73M9'W], 
129 km SE Ayacucho, 2 OcL 1947, 2 (W. 
Weyrauch, AMNH). Madre de Dios: Zona 
Reservada Tambopata, 25 July 1987, 2 (D, 
Silva D,, MUSM); Reserve Cuzco Ama- 
zonico, 15 km NE Puerto Maldonado, 14 
July 1989, 9, imni, (D. Silva D., MUSM). 
BOLIVIA La Paz: Miguilla, 1.800 m, 2-3 
Dec, 1984, 9 (L. E. Pena, AMNH). BRA- 
ZIL Goids: Eazenda Mongolinho, Corum- 
ba, 8 June 1942, 3 (K. Lenko, MZSP 6663). 
Mat a Grosso: Chapada dos Guimaraes, 18 
Nov. 1983, 23 (M. Hoffman, MCN 11982, 
11984); Barra dos Bugres, Nov. 1983, 9 (A. 
Cerrutti, MNRJ); no date, 6 (A. Cerrutti, 
MNRJ); Barra do Tapirape, Jan. 1963, 26 
(B, Malkin, AMNH); 17 Jan.-2 Feb., 5 (B, 



Malkin, MZSP 3403). Mate Grosso do Sid: 
50 km S Campo Crande, 17 July 1988, S 
(P. Salinas, AMNH). Minus Gerais: Carmo 
do Rio Claro, 35 (j. C. Carvalho. MNRJ); 
Minas Serinha Diamanlina, Jan. -Mar. 
1943, 5 (E, Cohn, AMNH); Morro da Gra- 
^a, 18-20 Oct. 1964, 5 (Exped, Zool. MZSP 
4180). Sao Paulo: 6 km N Paraguagu Pau- 
lista, Feb, 1965, S (G. Eiten, AMNH); Bo- 
tucatu, 12 Feb. 1987, 9 (L M, P. Rinaldi, 
IMPR); Fazenda Itaquere, 25 Nov. 1963, 
5 (K. Lenko, MZSP 6962); Fazenda Cra- 
ciosa, Piragununga, 31 May 1947, <5 (Schu- 
bart, MZSP 6442). Parana: Roldndi a, 1948, 
<5 (A. Mailer, AMNH). Rio Grande do Suh 
Tenente Portela, 29 Nov. 1978, 3 (H, Bis- 
choff, MCN 8436); Garruchos, Sao Borja, 
11 Dec, 1975, 2, 23 (A. A. Lise, MCN 
10978); Itapua, Viamao, 5 Feb. 1975, 9 (A. 
A. Lise, MCN 2446); Ponta Grossa, Porto 
Alegre, 13 Sept. 1975, 2 (A. A. Lise, MCN 
3013); Bage, 28 Oct. 1981, 2 (A, A. Lise, 
MCN 9966); Farroupilha, 29 SepL 1978, 2 
(H. Bischoff, MCN 8320); Passo Fundo, 12 
Oct. 1985, 22 (A. A. Lise, MCN 14341), 
PARAGUAY Chaco: Parque Nac. Defen- 
sores del Chaco, 18-27 Nov. 1984, 6 (J, 
Kochalka, IBNP). ARGENTINA Mi- 
siones; 2 (R, V, Partridge, MACN); Eldora- 
do, 1964, 6 (A. Kovacs, AMNH), Jujuy: 
Cahlegua Nail. Park, 18-28 Dec. 1987, S 
(S., J. Peck. AMNH), Salta: El Rey Natl. 
Park, 1,000 m, 5-15 Dec. 1987, 2 (S,, J. 
Peck, AMNH). 

Parawixia monticola (Keyserling), 

new combination 
Figures 81-87; Map 3 

EpeiTQ monticola Keyserling, 1892: 94, pi. 4, fig. 70, 
9. Female holotype and four early instar paratypes 
from Serra Vermelha, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 
in BMNH, examined and labeled. 

Aranea monticola: — ^Roewer, 1942: 847. 

Araneus monticola: — Bonnet, 1955: 546. 

Description, Female holotype. Cara- 
pace orange-brown with dark patches and 
ight and dark setae (Fig. 85). Sternum 
dark brown with pairs of hght patches on 
sides. Legs with darker rings. Dorsum of 
abdomen with patches of different shades 
of brown (Fig. 85); venter dusky to black 



26 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoologij, Vol. 153, No. 1 



(Fig, 86). Posterior median eyes 0.8 di- 
ameter of anterior medians, anterior lat- 
erals 0.8 diameter, posterior 0.7 diameter. 
Anterior median eyes slightly less than their 
diameter apart. Posterior median eyes their 
diameter apart. Abdomen with three pairs 
of lateral tubercles and five posterior (Fig. 
85). Total length 12 mm. Carapace 5.2 mm 
long, 3.7 wide. First femur 5.7 mm, patella 
and tibia 7,1, metatarsus 4.5, tarsus 1.5. 
Second patella and tibia 6.4 mm, third 3.9, 
fourth 6,L 

Male from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Color 
as in female. Posterior median eyes 0.7 
diameter of anterior medians, laterals 0.7 
diameter. Anterior median eyes their di- 
ameter apart. Posterior median eyes their 
diameter apart. Fourth troclianter w ith two 
macrosetae on right, three on left. Abdo- 
men as in female. Total length 7.8 mm. 
Carapace 4.2 mm long, 3.6 wide. First fe- 
mur 5,1 mm, patella and tibia 6.4, meta- 
tarsus 3.2, tarsus 1.2. Second patella and 
tibia 5.1 mm, third 3.0, fourth 4,7. 

Note. The males were not collected with 
females but w ith two males of P. velutina. 
Their similarity to females in appearance 
and being collected within the same range 
suggested the match. 

Variation. Total length of females 9.6 
to 13.6 mm. The female from Bahia had 
the posterior median plate narrower than 
the one illustrated (Figs. 82, 83). Females 
from Itabapoana and Porto Cabral had the 
epigynum with a larger base relative to 
tlu* length of the scape. Both females be- 
longing to the MNRJ had their scapes bro- 
ken off. Figures 81, 82, 85, 86 were made 
from the holotype; Figures 83, 84, from a 
specimen from Sumarc, Rio de Janeiro, in 
AMNH, 

Diagnosi.s. In posterior view^ (Figs, 82, 
83), the epigynum of P. monticola has a 
round posterior median plate, constricted 
dorsally, while that of P. veliilina is very 
narrow over most of its length (Figs. 75, 
76). But there is considerable variation in 
the shape of the posterior median plate 
and the shape of its base. 

Natural History. A female was collected 



in Fspirito Santo in an orb on a shrub in 
woods, another in Itabapoana lianging on 
a thread from a leaf of a shrub in woods 
at night. 

Records. BRAZIL Bahia: Rio Jacuipe, 2 
(MNRJ). Espirito Santo: Apiaca, 26 July 
1987, 9 (R. L. C. Baptista, RLCB). Minas 
Gerais: Lagoa Santa, 2 (Reinhardt, ZMK); 
Car mo do Rio Claro, 23 (J. C. Carvalho, 
MNRJ). Rio de Janeiro: Sumare, Rio de 
Janeiro, Jan., Feb. 1946, 29 (H. Sick, 
AMNH); Rio de Janeiro, 26 May 1979, 2 
(C. J. Becker, MCN 8579), 14 Sept. 1987, 
9 (R. Sanehes, RLCB); Botanical Garden, 
Rio de Janeiro, Nov. 1983, 2 (R. Do- 
mingues, RLCB); Bom Jesus do Itaba- 
poana, 14 June 1987, 9 (R.L.C, Baptista, 
RLCB). Sao Paulo: Porto Cabral 1941, 2 
(L. Travassos Filho, MZSP 9579). Rio 
Grande do Sid: Porto Alegre, 2 (MNRJ). 

Parawixia hoxaea (O. P.-Cambridge) 
Figures 88-92; Map 3 

Epeira hoxaea O, P. -Cambridge, 1889: 35. pL 5. fig. 
6, 9. Two female syntypes and one abdomen from 
Tole, Chiriqui Prov., Panama, in BMNH no, 
1905.4.28.2831-2832. exauiined. Keyserling, 1892: 
87, pi. 4, fig. 65, 9. 

Parawixia hoxaea: — F. P. -Cambridge, 1904: 490, pi 
46. tig. 15. 9. Roewer, 1942: 871. Bonnet, 1955: 
3340. 

Note, There are two female syntypes 
and one al)domen. The abdomen may be 
of a different species but it may be the 
epigynum of this abdomen that was illus- 
trated by O. P. -Cambridge. Here I follow 
Keyserling (1892) and F. P. -Cambridge 
(1904), who illustrated the epigynum of a 
complete specimen (but with cephalotho- 
rax and abdomen separated). The third 
specimen, with the abdomen attached to 
the carapace, has the scape of tlie epigy- 
mmi broken. All had been on pins in al- 
cohol and are in poor condition. The pins 
were carefully removed. 

Descriptioji. Female syntype. Carapace 
dull orange w ith brown marks. Chelicerae, 
dark orange, Ijubium brown, endites or- 
ange to brown, Sternum orange-brown 
with three pairs of light patches. C^loxae 



Par AW I XI A *L€vi 



27 



orange with brown; legs orange with in- 
distinct brown rings and spots. Dorsum of 
abdomen brown and \^hitc (Fig, 91); ven- 
ter with indistinct white pigment spots {Fig. 
92). Posterior median eyes 0.8 diameter of 
anterior medians, anterior laterals 0,8 di- 
ameter, posterior laterals 1 diameter. An- 
terior median eyes their diameter apart. 
Posterior median eyes their diameter apart. 
Abdomen with II tubercles: three pairs on 
sides, one pair posterior and three median 
posterior (Fig. 91). Total length 9 mm. 
Carapace 3.4 mm long, 2.7 wide. First fe- 
mur 4.8 mm, patella and tibia 5,4, meta- 
tarsus 3.4, tarsus 1.1. Second patella and 
tibia 4.4 mm, third 2.2, fourth 4.0. 

Illustrations. A syntype was illustrated. 

Diagnosis. All specimens are smaller and 
have a shorter scape (Figs. 88, 90) than P. 
velutina (Figs. 74, 77). 

Record. PANAMA Chiriqui: El Volcan, 
28 Feb. 1936, 9 (W. J, Gertsch, AMNH). 

Parawixia matiapa new species 
Figures 93, 94; Map 2 

Holotype. Male holotype from Hacienda Matiapa, 
Camaca, Bahia State. Brazil, 14 Oct, 1978 (J. S. 
Santos), in MCN no. 11099a. The specific name i.s 
a noun in apposition after the type locality. 

Description. Male holotype. Carapace 
orange. Chehcerae, endites orange. Labi- 
um brown. Siernum orange, dusky only in 
center. Legs orange with indistinct darker 
patches. Abdomen dorsum darkest in me- 
dian area; venter dusky with a pair of white 
spots behind genital groove. Posterior me- 
dian eyes 0.7 diameter of anterior medi- 
ans, laterals 0.5 diameter. Anterior median 
eyes slightly less than their diameter apart. 
Posterior median eyes slightly more than 
their diameter apart. Fourth trochanter 
with two short macrosetae on right, three 
on left. Second, third, and fourth femora 
with a ventral row of macrosetae. Abdo- 
men with one pair of tubercles anterior, 
four tubercles posterior, and three pairs of 
bulges on sides; no caps on tubercles (Fig, 
94), Total length 7.5 mm. Carapace 4.1 
mm long, 3.2 wide. First femur 5.6 mm, 
patella and tibia 6.6, metatarsus 3.5, tarsus 



0.5. Second patella and tibia 4.7 mm, third 
2.8, fourth 4.2. 

Variation. Total length of males 5.5 to 
7,8 mm. The male from Colombia has 
macrosetae on the fourth trochanters as in 
the holotype; the other males have only 
two macrosetae. Figure 93 of the palpus 
was made from the male from Utcuyacu, 
Peru; Figure 94, from the holotype. 

Diagnosis. This male differs from those 
of F, nionticola and F. divisoria by the 
sculpturing of the base of the median 
apophysis and the position of the conduc- 
tor in the palpus {Fig. 93). 

Distribution. Trinidad, northern Co- 
lombia, to Junin Dept., Peru, and Bahia 
States, Brazil (Map 2). 

Paraiijpes. TRINIDAD Piarco, 3-6 Jan, 
1955, 6 (A. M Nadler, AMNH). COLOM 
BIA Magdalena: Pueblo Bello, 1,100 m. 
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 10, 11 June 
1968, 6 (B. Malkin, AMNH). PERU Junin: 
Utcuyacu, Mar. 1948, 5 (F. Wovtkowsky, 
AMNH). 

Parawixia tomba new species 
Figures 95, 96; Map 3 

Holotype. Male holotype from Explorer^s Inn, Tam- 
bopata Reserve, Depto. Madre de Dies, Peru, 30 
Mar, 1988 (J, Palmer, D. Smith), in MUSM. The 
specific name is an arbitrary combination of letters. 

Description. Male holotype. Carapace 
orange-yellow with black spots. Chelicer- 
ae, endites orange-yellow. Sternum dusky 
in center. Legs yellowish with black spots. 
Abdomen whitish, dusky on sides; venter 
with black spots underlain by white. Pos- 
terior median eyes 0.6 diameter of anterior 
medians, anterior laterals 0.5 diameter, 
posterior laterals 0.4 diameter. Anterior 
median eyes slightly less than their di- 
ameter apart. Posterior median eyes their 
diameter apart- Fourth trochanter with five 
macrosetae on right, three on left. Second, 
third, and fourth femora each with ventral 
row of macrosetae. Abdomen with one pair 
of tubercles anterior and four distinct tu- 
bercles posterior (Fig. 96). Total length 9.6 
mm- Carapace 4,5 mm long, 3.4 wide. First 
femur 6,3 mm, patella and tibia 7.2, meta- 



28 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 153, No. 1 



tarsus 4.2, tarsus L4- Second patella and 
tibia 5.4 mm, third 3.1, fourth 4.6. 

Illustration. The holotype was illustrat- 
ed. 

Diagnosis, This male differs from those 
of P. monticola and P. divisoria by the 
sculpturing of the base of the median 
apophysis and the position of the conduc- 
tor in the palpus (Fig. 95). 

Par at if pe. BRAZIL Roraima: Esta9ao 
Ecologica de Maraca, llha de Maraca, Rio 
Uraricuera, 17 July 1987, S (A. A. Lise, 
MCN 19281). 

Parawixia divisoria new species 
Figures 97-103; Map 3 

Holotype. Female holotype and male paratype from 
Divisoria, Iluanuco [I^a Divisoria, Dpto. Ucayali, 
09°05'S. 75'^46'W], IJOO m, Peru. 23 Sept. to 3 Oct. 
1946 (W. Woytkowski), in AMNH. The specific 
name is a noun in apposition after the type locality. 

Description . Femak^ holotype. Cara- 
pace orange with paired dark patches and 
dark area between median and lateral eyes. 
Sternnm brown with pairs of light orange 
patches. Coxae orange with brown; legs 
orange with indistinct brown rings. Dor- 
sum of abdomen gray with brown patches 
(Fig. 100); venter black w ith a pair of wiiite 
spots (Fig. 101). Posterior median eyes 0.9 
diameter of anterior medians, anterior lat- 
erals 0.8 diameter, posterior laterals 0,8 
diameter. Anterior median eyes slightly 
more than their diameter apart. Posterior 
median eyes slightK more than their di- 
ameter apart. Abdomen with 10 tubercles, 
none posterior above spinnerets (Fig. 100). 
Total length 9.5 mm. Carapace 4.2 mm 



long, 3.3 wide. First femur 4.9 mm, patella 
and tibia 6.0, mt^tatarstis 3.3, tarsus 1.2. 
Second patella and tibia 5.1mm, third 3.0, 
fourth 4.8. 

Male paratype from Divisoria, Peru. 
Coloration as in female. Posterior median 
eyes 0.7 diameter of anterior medians, lat- 
erals 0.6 diameter. Anterior median eyes 
0.7 diameter apart. Posterior median eyes 
their diameter apart. Third trochanter with 
one macroseta on one side, fourth with 
three short macrosetae, two thick, one thin. 
Second and third femora each with a ven- 
tral row of macrosetae. Abdomen with 5 
tubercles: two anterior, three posterior (Fig, 
103). Total length 7.0 mm. Carapace 3.5 
mm long, 3.1 wide. First femur 5.2 mm, 
patella and tibia 6.0, metatarsus 3,1, tarsus 
1.2. Second patella and tibia 4.2 mm, third 
2.5, fourth 3.9. 

Variation. Total length of females 7.0 
to 8.8 mm. The male paratype has only 
two macrosetae on the fourth trochanter, 
none on the third. The female holotype 
and the male paratype collected with it 
were illustrated. 

Diagnosis. Females differ from those of 
P, tarapoa by having a longer scape and 
a narrower posterior median plate in the 
epigynura (Fig. 98). The male differs from 
those of similar species by the nearly round 
conductor and shorter median apophysis 
(Fig. 102). 

Natural History. A male was found in 
a rain forest in Rondonia. 

Paratopes. ECUADOR Napo: Dureno, 
200 m, Rio Aguarico, 00^04'S, 76°34'W, 
23-30 Sept, 1977, 9 (L. Pena. AMNH), 



Figures 74-80. Parawixia velutina (Taczanowski). 74-79, female. 74-77. epigynum, 74, ventral 75, 76. posterior. 77, lateral, 
78. dorsat. 79, abdomen, ventral. 80, mate left palpus. 

Figures 81-87. P, monticola (Keyserling). 81 -^86. female, 81 -84, epfegynum. 81 , ventral. 82, 83, posterior. 84. lateral. 85, dorsal, 
86. abdomen, ventral. 87, male palpus. 

Figures 88-92. P. hoxaea (O, P.-Cambridge), female, 88-90. epigynum. 88, ventral 89, posterior. 90, lateral. 91, dorsal 92, 
abdomen, ventral 

Figures 93, 94. P. matiapa n. sp.. male. 93. palpus. 94, dorsal 

Figures 95. 96. R tomba n. sp., male. 95, paipus. 96. dorsal 

Scale lines 1.0 mm, genitalia 0.1 mm. 



Parawixia • Levi 



29 




30 



Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, VoL 153, No. 1 



PERU Cuzco: Savllapampa, 3,800 m, 
13^25^S, 71^40'W, 23 Sept. 1987, S (D. Silva 
D,, MUSM). BRAZIL Bahia: Fazenda N. 
Senhora das Neves, Itamaraju, 9 Oct. 1978, 
9 (J. S. Santos, MCN 11021). Rondonia: 
Fazenda Raiicho Grande, NE Cacaulaii- 
dia. 6-15 Dec. 1990, 9 (G. B. Edwards, 
FSCA), BOLIVIA La Paz: Guanay, N La 
Paz, Tres Esteros, 19-25 Aug. 1989, ?, 6 
(L. Pena, AMNH). 

Parawixia tarapoa new species 
Figures 104-109; Map 2 

Holotype. Female liolotype from Tarapoa, Cuya- 
beno, 0°07'S, 76°20^W,' Napa Pro v., Ecuador, 23 
June to 1 July 1988 (W. Maddison), in MCZ. The 
specific name is a noun in apposition after the type 
locahty. 

Description, Female from Manaus, Bra- 
zil. Carapace orange with paired darker 
spots. Sternum dusky yellow. Coxae yel- 
lowish with dusky marks; legs hght orange 
with dusky rings, which are darker on 
proximal articles. Dorsum of abdomen with 
dark brown median band bordered by 
white (Fig, 107); venter black with a pair 
of small white spots, spots almost touching 
(Fig. 108). Tubercles of lateral eyes small 
and indistinct. Posterior median eyes 0.8 
diameter of anterior medians, laterals 0.7 
diameter. Anterior median eyes their di- 
ameter apart. Posterior median eyes slight- 
ly more than their diameter apart. Ab- 
domen narrow, with five tubercles, and 
two pairs of swelhngs on sides (Fig. 107). 
Total length 8.0 mm. Carapace 3,4 mm 
long, 2,6 wide. First femur 4,0 mm, patella 
and tibia 4.8, metatarsus 2.9, tarsus 1,1, 
Second patella and tibia 4.0 mm, third 2,5, 
fourth 4.0, 

Male from Manaus. Color as in female, 
except for a transverse white Hne betw een 
anterior lateral tubercles on dorsimi of 
abdomen. Posterior median eyes 0.7 di- 
ameter of anterior medians, laterals 0,6 
diameter. Anterior median eves their di- 
ameter apart. Posterior median eyes slight- 
ly more than their diameter apart. Fourth 
trochanter with two thick macrosetae. Ab- 



domen w ith an anterior pair of lateral tu- 
bercles, three posterior tubercles in a me- 
dian row, and two pairs of slight himips 
on each side. Total length 6.4 mm. Cara- 
pace 3.5 mm long, 2.9 wide. First femur 
4.5 mm, patella and tibia 5,2, metatarsus 
2.7, tarsus 1 .0. Second patella and tibia 3.6 
mm, third 2,1, fourth 3.4. 

Note. The male and the female were 
collected together in Manaus. 

Variation. The holotype is darker than 
the specimen described and figured (Fig. 
107) and 9.3 mm in total length. All illus- 
trations were made from specimens from 
Manaus, 

Diagnosis. The large, wide median plate 
of the epigynum (Fig. 105) separates fe- 
males of F. tarapoa from those of F. diviso- 
ria, which has a narrower median plate 
(Fig. 98). The male is separated by the 
wider base of the median apophysis and 
the slightly different shape of the embolus 
of the palpus (Fig. 109). 

Paratopes, PERU Pasco: Villa America, 
nr. Qucbrada Castillo, 298 m, 28 Oct, 1986, 
3 (D Silva D,, MUSM). Ciizco: Savllapam- 
pa, 3,800 m tl3*^25'S, 7r40'W], 23 Sept. 
1987, 6 (D. Silva D , MUSM). BRAZIL 
Aniazonas: Manaus, 3 Sept. 1986, 2, <5 (M. 
B, Barcia, MCN 19658). Mato Grosso: NE 
Caceres, 20 July 1988, 9 (P. Salinas, 
AMNH). 

Parawixia ouro new species 
Figures 110-114; Map 3 

Holotype. Female holotype from Oiiro Preto do Oeste, 
Rondonia State. Brazil, Oct, 1982 (W. Roth), in 
MZSP ex RLC^B. The specific name, the Portuguese 
word for gold, is a noun in apposition after the type 
locality. 

-if 

Description. Female holotype. Cara- 
pace orange -yellow. Chelicerae orange. 
Labium, endites brown. Sternum dusky 
with pairs of light patches. Coxae orange- 
yellow ; legs orange-yellow^ with indistinct 
dusky rings. Dorsum of abdomen mostly 
w hitisli, sides brown (Fig. 113); venter with 
a white rectangular patch between genital 
groove and spinnerets (Fig, 1 14). Posterior 



PARAWixiA^Lem 



31 






^—.j- 





Figures 97-103. Parawixia dlvisoha n. sp. 97-101, female. 97-99, epigynum. 97, ventral. 98, posterior. 99, lateral 100, dorsal. 
101, abdomen, ventral. 102, 103, male. 102. left palpus. 103, dorsal. 

Figures 104-109. R tarapoa n. sp. 104-108. femate. 104-106, epigynum. 104, ventral. 105, posterior. 106, lateral. 107, dorsal. 
108, abdomen, ventral. 109, male palpus. 

Figures 110-114. P. ouro n. sp., female. 110-112. epigynum. 110, ventral. Ill, posterior, 112, lateral. 113, dorsal 114, 
abdomen, ventral 

Figures HS-'1 16. R maldonado n. sp., male. 115. palpus. 116, dorsal 

Scale fines 1 .0 mm, genitalia 0.1 mm. 



32 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 153, No. 1 



median eyes 0.7 diameter of anterior me- 
dians, laterals 0,7 diameter. Anterior me- 
dian eyes their diameter apart. Posterior 
median eyes their diameter apart. Abdo- 
men with four pairs of tubercles on sides, 
one anterior median, and three posterior 
(Fig. 113). Total length 11 mm. Carapace 
4.2 mm long, 3.1 wide. First femur 5,4 
mm, patella and til>ia 6.7, metatarsus 4,3, 
tarsus 1.4. Second patella and tibia 5.8 mm, 
third 2.7, fourth 5,0. 

Variation, The paratype from Ilha de 
Maraca is much darker than the holotype, 
the abdomen as long as wide, and lacking 
the anterior median tubercle, but having 
two posterior median tubercles. Its total 
length is 10 mm. The holotype was illus- 
trated. 

Diagnosis, The shorter, wider scape of 
the epigynum (Figs. 110, 112) separates 
this species from F, velutina. 

Paratypes. PERU The paralectotypesof 
P. velutina from Amable Maria, Jiinin, may 
be this species. BRAZIL Roraima: Ilha de 
Maraca, 25 July 1987, 9 (A, A. Lise, MCN 
19657). 

Parawixia maldonado new species 
Figures 115, 116; Map 3 

Holotype. Male hololype from Reserva Cuzco Ama- 
zonico, 12°33'S, 69^3'W, 200 m, Rio Madre de 
Dtos, 15 km NE Puerto Maldonado, Depto. Madre 
de Dies, Peru, 29 June 1989, male paratype 13 July 
1989 (D. Silva D.), in MUSM The specific name 
is a noun in apposition after the type locality. 

Description. Male holotype. Carapaee 
orange with dark brown marks and white 
setae (Fig. 1 16). Chelicerae dusky, endites 
brown, labium orange. Sternum orange, 
slightly darker in midline. Legs orange w ilh 
wide dark brown rings and patches. Ab- 
domen black w ith two pairs of white spots 
anteriorly and white marks behind tuber- 
cles, and a faint darker black outUne of a 
folium (Fig, 116), Sides and venter black. 
Posterior median eyes 0,7 diameter of an- 
terior medians, laterals 0.7 diameter. An- 
terior median eyes 0.6 diameter apart. Pos- 
terior median eyes their diameter apart. 
Fndite with tooth, palpal femur with tu- 



bercle. Palpal patella with one macroseta 
on left, two on right. Fourth trochanter 
with two macrosetae on right. Second and 
third femora each with a ventral row of 
macrosetae. Abdomen with three pairs of 
lateral tubercles and two posterior, median 
tubercles (Fig. 116). Total length 6.7 mm. 
Carapace 3.5 mm long, 2.9 wide. First fe- 
mur 3.9 mm, patella and tibia 4.6, meta- 
tarsus 2.7, tarsus 1,1. Second patella and 
tibia 3.7 mm, third 2,0, fourth 3.2. 

Variation, In the paratype both palpal 
patellae have one macroseta. 

Diagnosis. This male differs from those 
of P. monticola, P. divisoria, and P, tomba 
by the sculpturing of the base of the me- 
dian apophysis and the position of the con- 
ductor in the palpus (Fig. 115), and by the 
ovoid outline of the abdomen (Fig, 116). 

Parawixia rigida (O. P. -Cambridge) 
Figures 117-122; Map 2 

Epeira rigida O P. -Cambridge, 1889: 36, pi. 5, fig, 

5, 2. Two female syntypes in poor condition from 

Biigaba, Chiriqui Prov\, Panama, in BMNH no. 

1905.4.28.2835-2836, examined. 
Epeira armata O P,-Cambridge, 1889: 41, pL 4, fig. 

17, i. Male holotvpe from Bugaba, Panama, in 

BMNH, examined^ Keyserling, 1892: 107. pi. 5, fig. 

79, $. NEW SYNONYMY. 
Epeira rivalis Keyserling, 1892: 103, pi. 5, fig. 76, 9, 

Female holotvpe from Guatemala, in BMNH, lost. 

NEW SYNONYMY 
Parawixia rigida: — ^F. F.-Cam bridge, 1904: 491, pi. 

46, fig. 18, 9. Roewer, 1942: 871. Bonnet, 1958: 

334 h 
Parawixia armata: — F. P, -Cambridge, 1904: 489, pi 

46, fig. 11, 6. Roewer, 1942: 870. Bonnet, 1958: 

3339. 
Aranea rit>flte.-— Roewer. 1942: 851, 
Araneus rivalis: — Bonnet, 1955: 586, 

Note, The syntypes of E, rigida and the 
holotype of E. armata were on pins in 
alcohol and are in poor condition with the 
legs separate. The pins were carefully re- 
moved. The female type of E. rivalis is 
lost, but illustration and description match 
only this species. 

Description. Female from Costa Rica. 
Carapace light orange with black marks 
on thoracic region. Labium, endites black. 
Sternum black uitli an orange patch on 



ji 



r.\HAWixiA*Levi 



33 



each side. Coxae orange and black; legs 
light orange with black spots, streaks and 
rings. Dorsum of abdomen brown and 
w hite w ith a folium outline (Fig, 120); ven- 
ter \\ ith white spots on brown (Fig. 121). 
Posterior median eves 0.7 diameter of an- 
terior medians, anterior laterals 0.7 di- 
ameter, posterior laterals 0.6 diameter. 
Anterior median eyes 0.9 diameter apart. 
Posterior median eyes 0.8 diameter apart. 
Abdomen with 10 tubercles: three pairs of 
laterals, the second and third pairs barely 
distinct, and four posterior; the median 
dorsal one indistinct (Fig, 120). Total length 
17 mm. Carapace 5.9 mm long, 4.9 wide. 
First femur 6.9 mm, patella and tibia 8.0, 
metatarsus 5.0, tarsus L8, Second patella 
and tibia 7.5 mm, third 4.4, fourth 7.2. 

Male holotype of E. armata. Carapace 
mottled brown w ith paired spots. Sternum, 
coxae olive-brown. Legs brown. Abdomen 
(damaged by insect pin) with trapezoidal, 
hghter area, w idest anteriorly; venter dark 
with a median light spot. Posterior median 
eyes 0.7 diameter of anterior medians; lat- 
erals 0,7 diameter. Anterior median eves 
0.6 diameter apart. Posterior median eyes 
slightly less than their diameter apart. 
Fourth trochanter with three macrosetae. 
Abdomen with five tubercles. Total length 
7.4 mm. Carapace 4.1 mm long, 3.4 wide. 
First femur 4.9 mm, patella and tibia 6.2, 
metatarsus 5.9, tarsus 1.2. Second patella 
and tibia 3,2 mm, third 3,1, fourth 4.2. 

Note. The male and the female were 
not collected together, but they have the 
same type locality and distribution. 

Variation. Total length of females 12 to 
17 mm, of males 7.4 to 8.8. The females 
have nine or 10 tubercles on the abdomen: 
the last tubercle, the posterior median, may 
be missing. The fourth trochanter of the 
male from Sirena has two macrosetae on 
one side, three on the other. Figures 117- 
121 were made from a female from La 
Selva, Costa Rica; Fig. 122, from the ho- 
lotype of E, arniata. 

Diagnosis. Parawixia rigida differs from 
other Central American species by having 
a median white spot on the venter of the 



abdomen {Fig. 121). The female differs 
from those of P. hypocrita and P. nesophi- 
la, which also have a white spot, by having 
the scape of the epigynum long (Figs, 117, 
119, 121) and laterally flattened (Fig. 119), 
The male differs by the shape of the large 
curved median apophysis with a distal 
notch (Fig. 122). 

Records. COSTA RICA Hacienda de Li- 
mon [?, not located], 2 (Burgdorf, Schild, 
USNM). Heredia: La Selva, nr. Puerto Vie- 
jo, 22 Mar, 1979, 5 (J. Coddington, MCZ), 
Feb, 1981, 5 (W. Eberhard 2204, MCZ). 
Puntarenas: Osa Peninsula, <5 (MZCR); Si- 
rena, Osa Peninsula, Feb. 1984, 3 (W. 
Eberhard, MCZ). 

Parawixia kochi (Taczanowski) 
Figures 123-135; Map 3 

Epeim opuntiae:—C, L. Koch, 1845: 102, pi 383, 
fig. 909, 9. Specimens probably from Brazil, lost. 
Misidentiflcation, not Epeira opimtiae Walcke- 
naer, 1841 = Cyrtophora citricola ( For ska 1). 

Epeira kochii Taczanowski, 1873: 134. New name for 
E. opuniiae C L. Koch, not Walckenaer. 

Epeira ruinas Keyserling, 1892: 95, pL 5, fig. 71, 9, 
$. Three female, two male syntypes from Rio Mi- 
nas, Est, Espirito Santo [?, unknown locality], Bra- 
zil, in BMNH, examined. NEW SYNONYMY. 

Aranea kochii: — ^Roewer, 1942: 845. 

Aranea minas: — Roewer, 1942: 847, 

Molinaranea setosa Mello-Leitao, 1948: 169, fig. 11, 
6. Male holotype from Guest [? house] near Moraba- 
lli River, Essequibo River, 24 km above Bartica, 
Guyana {W, Kingston) [localitv from label], in 
BMNH, examined. NEW SYNONYMY, 

Parawixia kochi albozonata di Caporiacco, 1948: 655, 
Female holotype, without abdomen from Conwa- 
rook near Potaro River, Guyana, in MZIJF, ex- 
amined; 1954: 99. Brignoli, 1983: 278, NEW SYN- 
ONYMY. 

Parawixia kochi maculilatera di Caporiacco, 1948: 
655. Female holotype from Two Mouths near Es- 
sequibo River, Guyana, in MZUF, examined- Bri- 
gnoli. 1983; 278. NEW SYNONYMY. 

Parawixia kochi nigrohumerafis di Caporiacco, 1948: 
655. Female holotype from Guyana, in MZUF, ex- 
amined. Brignoli, ^1983: 279. NEW SYNONYMY. 

Araneus kochi: — Bonnet, 1955; 525. 

Araneus minas: — Bonnet, 1955: 544. 

Araneus s^tasws:— Brignoli, 1983: 263. 

Note. C. L. Koch's illustration shows a 
Parawixia with a relatively narrow body 
and Koch considered the S-mrn-long, 
curved scape characteristic of this species: 



34 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. J 53, No. 1 



"zwei Linien langeii, gesclnveift geboge- 
nen nadelformigen Legestachel/' Most 
other Parawixia species with a long scape 
have a more spherical abdomen. Parawix- 
ia kochi alhozonata is presumably the same 
species as the other two **subspecies'' de- 
scribed by di Caporiacco even though the 
abdomen is missing. Parawixia kochi mac- 
tililatera has the characteristic abdomen 
shape and epigynum of P. kochi, Moli- 
naranea setosa has the characteristic em- 
bolus with a round tip and neck of males 
of P. kochi. 

Description. Female syntype of E. nii- 
nas. Carapace brown, clypeus darkest. 
Sternum maculated light and dark brown. 
Legs brown, indistinctly ringed. Dorsum 
of abdomen shades of brown w ith folium 
outHned with dark (Fig, 126); venter brown 
with indistinct light patches and some 
paired white pigment patches (Fig. 127). 
Posterior median eyes 0.8 diameter of an- 
terior medians, laterals 0.7 diameter. An- 
terior median eyes slightly less than their 
diameter apart- Posterior median eyes their 
diameter apart. Abdomen longer than 
wide, w ith three pairs of lateral tubercles 
and five posterior (Fig. 126). Total length 
16 mm. Carapace 6.6 mm long, 5.4 wide. 
First femur 7.8 mm, patella and tibia 9.5, 
metatarsus 6.2, tarsus 2.L Second patella 
and tibia 9.2 mm, tliird 5.5, fourth 8.7. 

Male syntype of E. niiiias. Carapace or- 
ange, less distinctly marked than carapace 
of female. Fourth trochanter with one short 
macroseta. Abdomen oval, humps indis- 
tinct. Total Ic ngth 10,5 mm. Carapace 6,2 
mm long, 4,8 wide. First femur 6.9 mm, 
patella and tibia 8.4, metatarsus 5.2, tarsus 
1.7, Second patella and tibia 6.7 mm, third 
4.2, fourth 67. 



Variation, Some individuals have a 
spherical abdomen, but usually the abdo- 
men is longer than wide (Fig. 126), There 
alw ays are an anterior pair of tubercles and 
five posterior, with two smaller pairs on 
the sides. One female from Peru had the 
anterior lateral tubercles double. There are 
manv individual differences but there is 
no consistent geographical variation. How- 
ever, there are consistent geographical dif- 
ferences in the shape of the terminal 
apophysis, embolus, and base of the me- 
dian apophysis (Figs. 128-135). Neverthe- 
less, in all palpi the tip of the embolus is 
round and has a neck, and in all palpi the 
base of the median apophysis has a similar 
tooth pointing at the radix (Figs. 128-135), 
Total length of females 12.8 to 18.8 mm, 
of males 8.3 to lO.S. Figures 123 to 128 
were prepared from a female from the 
Meta Dept., Colombia; Figure 129 was 
prepared from a male from Guyana; Fig- 
ure 130, from the male syntype of Epeira 
tiiinas. 

Diagnosis. The female can be recog- 
nized by the long, slender scape of the 
epigynum with concave sides (Figs. 123- 
125), and usually by the slightly elongate 
abdomen (Fig, 126). The base of the epigy- 
num has two characteristic dark spots (Fig. 
123). This is the only Parawixia species in 
which the male palpus has a round em- 
bolus tip above a neck (Figs. 128-135). The 
fourth trochanter of the male almost al- 
vvavs has one macroseta; onlv one Peruvian 
male lacked the seta. 

Natural Hisfrnij. The species has been 
collected in its web at night in rain forest, 
in secondary forest, savanna, and swamp 
fore st, and also on a l)urned out tree. Spec- 
imens collected by H. Hofer near Manaus 



Figures 117-122. Parawixia ngida(0. P, -Cambridge), 117-121, female. 117-119, epigynum. 117, ventraf. 118. posterior. 119, 
lateral, 120, dorsal. 121, abdomen, ventral 122, male left palpus. 

Figures 123-135. P. kochi {Taczanov^sWi). 123-127, female. 123-125, epigynum. 123, ventral 124. posterior. 125, lateral. 126, 
dorsal. 127, abdomen, ventral 128-130, mate palpus. 128, (Meta, Colombia). 129, (Guyana). 130. (Espirito Santo. Brazil). 131- 
135, tip of embolus, terminal apophysis, and base of median apophysis. 131 , (Trinidad). 132, {Caripito. Venezuela). 133, (Puerto 
Lopez, Meta, Colombia). 134, (Cuzco Amazonica, Madre de Dios. Peru). 135, {Barra dos Bugres, Mato Grosso, Brazil). 

Scaie lines 1.0 mm, genitalia 0.1 mm. 



PARAWlKIA'Levi 




36 



Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 153, No. 1 



came from a vertical web, 80 cm in di- 
ameter, with an open hub and a mesh of 
0.7 to 2 cm. If disturbed the spider flees 
upward and tries to escape on the tree 
trunk to the side of the web. 

Distribution. Trinidad, Venezuela, Am- 
azon area to Parana State, Brazil (Map 3). 

Records. LESSER ANTILLES Trini- 
dad: Arima, St. George's Co. (AMxNH); 
Navy Base (AMNH); Port of Spain (MCZ); 
Los Banguizales, Cedros (AMNH); Mara- 
cas Valley (AMNH). VENEZUELA Mo- 
nagas: Caripito (AMNH). Miranda: Santa 
Cruzita, 450 m, Guatopo Nat, Park 
(USNM). Araqua: Rancho Grande 
(USNM). Carahoho: San Esteban (AMNH). 
Bolivar: Maripa, Rio Caura (MCZ). Ania- 
zonas: Cerro Duida (AMNH). GUYANA 
Mazaruni-Pofaro: Kaieteur Fall (CUC); 
Kartabo (CUC); Kamakusa (AMNH); Tu- 
matumari Ri\ ., Potaro (CUC); nr. Maza- 
runi Riv., Pakaraima Mts. (AMNH). Rii- 
pimurti: Upper Essequibo Riv. (AMNH). 
East Berbice-Corentyne: Canje, Ikuruwa 
Rivers (AMNH). East Berbice-Demerara: 
"Opora region" [Ororo Maroli], (AMNH). 
SURINAM Marowijne: "Langaman" 
[Langamankondre, 5°42'N, 54°00'W] 
(AMNH). FRENCH GUIANA nr. Placer 
Tresor, Roura Mts. (MCZ); Sautero, Ma- 
toury (MCZ); nr. Cavenne (MCZ); Saiil, 
Mont Boeuf Mort (AMNH). COLOMBIA 
Boyacd: Rio Upia, 850-950 m (AMNH). 
Meta: 15 km SW Puerto Lopez (MCZ); 
Lomalinda, nr. Puerto Lleras (MCZ). Ca- 
quetd: Rio Ortrguaza (AMNH). Amazo- 
nas: Araracuara (CV). ECUADOR Napo: 
Pompeya (MCZ); Rio Coca nr. Rio Napo 
(MCZ); Cuyabeno, Rio Tarapuy (MCZ, 
MECN); Cuyabeno, Lagiina Grande 
(MCZ, MECN). Pastaza: 4.1 km SE Puyo 
(MCZ). Morona-Santiago: Los Tayos San- 
tiago, Rio Santiago (MCZ); Tavos caves 
(MCZ). PERU northern Peru; Reaiircr [? 
unknown locality] (AMNH). Loreto: Vnr- 
que Nacional Pacava-Samiria, Pithecia, 
OS-'OryS, 74°50'W, Rio Samirio (MUSM); 
Estiron, Rio AmiMvacu (AM\H); hjuitos 
(MCZ). San Martin: Rio Tanbo [Tambn 
Rio Negro, P6sic, 05°59'S, 77°12'W] 



(AMNH); 32 km SE Moyobamba (AMNH). 
lludnuco: Dantos-La Molina, SW Puerto 
Inca, (MUSM); Panguana, 260 m (MUSM); 
Tingo Maria (AMNH); 100 km E Tingo 
Maria (CAS), junin: Rio Tarma, Huacapi- 
stana (CUC). Cuzco: Atalaya (MUSM). 
Madre de Dios: Reserva Cuzco Amazoni- 
co, 12°33'S, 69°03'W^, 15 km NE Puerto 
Maldonado (MUSM); Parque Nacional 
Manu (MUSM, USNM); Reservada Tam- 
bopata (MCZ, MUSM); Zona Reservada 
Pakitza (MUSM). BRAZIL Roraima: Mt. 
Roraima (MCZ). Pard: Caninde, Rio Gu- 
rupi (AMNH); Rio Gurupiuna, 50 km E 
Caninde (AMNH); Belem (MCZ); Jacara- 
Acanga (AMNH). Amazonas: Cururuzin- 
ko, Rio Autas (NRMS); Sta. Amelia, Rio 
Autas (NRMS); Benjamin Constant 
(MNRJ); 60 km N Manaus (INPA); Canal 
Janauari, Manaus (INPA); Igapo Taruma 
Minim, Manaus (INPA); llha da Mar- 
chanttia (INPA); Reserva Ducke, Manaus 
(INPA, MCN); Tapurucuara (MZSP); To- 
batinga (MNRJ). Rondonia: Ouro Preto do 
Oeste (MNRJ); NE Cacaulandia (FSCA). 
Bahia: Concei^-ao do Almeida (MCN); 
Ilheus (RLCB); Faz. Nossa Senhora das 
Neves, Itamaraju (MCN). Espirito Santo: 
Apioca (RLCB); Colatina (MNRJ). Rio de 
Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ). Parand: 
Reserva Estadual Vila Rica, Fenix (MCN), 
Mato Grosso: Barra do Rugres (MNRJ); 
260 km N Xavantina (MCZ); Utiariti 
(MZSP). BOLIVIA Beni: Chacobo Indian 
Village, Rio Benicito (AMNH); Estacion 
Biologico Beni (USNM). La Paz: Guanav 
(AMNH). Santa Cruz. Cachuela (USNM). 

Parawixia audax {Black wall) 
Plate 1 i Figures 136-142; Map 3 

Epeira atidax Blackwall, 1863: 29. Specimens from 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, lost. Keyserling, 1892: 85, 

pi. 4, fig. 64, 2. 
Epeira meridionalis Keyserling, 1865: 810, pi. 19, 

figs. 19, 20, 2. Female froin Liruguay, in BMNH. 

First synonymized by Keyserling, 1892: 85. 
Epeira amaurophila Holmberg, 1876: 17. Female 

from northern Argentina, lost. First synonymized 

by Hoiissay, 1917 (not seen). 
Epeira duodecimtuberctilata Bertkau, 1880: 91, pi. 

2. fig. 33, 9 Females from Tijuca. Rio de Janeiro, 



i 



PARAWIXlA^Levi 



37 



Cap Irmao, Cap Gavia, and Copacobana, Brazil, 
lost- First synonym i zed by Keyserling, 1892; 85. 

Epeira coronigera Taczanowski, 1878: 157, pi. 1, fig. 
9, imm. One immature female, two immature males, 
and three smaller immature syntypes from Amable 
Maria, Depto. Junin, Peru, from wasp nest, in PAN, 
examined. NEW SYNONYMY. 

Paraivixia eumeniphila Strand, 1915: 115. Male ho- 
lotype from Joinville, Jaragua, Itapocii, Est. Santa 
Catarina, Brazil, in SMF, examined. Roewer, 1942: 
870. Bonnet, 195S: 3340. NEW SYNONYMY. 

Araneus riheiroi Mello-Leitao, 1917: 89, figs. 11, 12. 
Female from Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 
lost. DOUBTFUL NEW SYNONYMY. 

Araneus rugosa Badcock, 1932: 24, Immaturt' holo- 
tvpe from Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 
BMNH, examined. Bonnet, 1955: 588. NEW SYN- 
ONYMY. 

Verrucosa audax: — Mello-Leitao, 1933: 42, Roewer, 
1942: 880. Bonnet, 1959: 4790. 

Aranea coronigera: — Roewer, 1942: 840. 

Aranea rugosa: — Roewer, 1942: 85 L 

Araneus coroniger: — Bonnet, 1955: 470, 

Note. I follow Key selling in the inter- 
pretation of P. atidax, as the species was 
not illustrated by Blackwall and Black- 
walFs specimens are lost» The immature 
specimens of Epeira coronigera have the 
abdomen circular, almost as wide as long, 
and with a distinct anterior median tu- 
bercle as may be characteristic of this spe- 
cies. Mello-Leitao's A, riheiroi was perhaps 
an immature female of P. audax, having 
a soft projection in place of the future scape 
of the epigynum. Bad cocks' s immature 
specimens of F. eumeniphila have a pair 
of white spots on the venter of the abdo- 
men as do some immature P. audax and 
adult P. undulatci; they may belong to ei- 
ther this or the other species. Mello-l.citao 
(1942) correctly placed E. audax in Para- 
wixia. Bonnet {1956: 1783) erroneously 
synonymized the name Epeira duodecim- 
tuberculata Bcrtkau with Eriophora so- 
cialis [=Parawixia histriatal 

Description. Female from Pinhal, Santa 
Catarina, Brazil. Carapace orange with 
white hair and a few dark hairs; elypeus 
brown. Sternum, coxae orange; legs orange 
with dark spots. Dorsum of abdomen yel- 
lowish with brown marks (Fig, 139); ven- 
ter dusky with three pairs of small white 
spots and a white streak on each side (Fig. 
140). Cephalic area of carapace with a pair 



of swellings. Posterior median eyes 0.9 di- 
ameter of anterior medians, anterior lat- 
erals 0.9 diameter, posterior laterals 0.8 
diameter. Anterior median eyes slightly 
more than their diameter apart. Posterior 
median eyes their diameter apart- Abdo- 
men with 13 tubercles: one anterior me- 
dian, four pairs on sides and four posterior 
(Fig. 139). Total length 12.0 mm. Cara- 
pace 5.6 mm long, 4.5 wide. First femur 
5.4 mm, patella and tibia 7.2, metatarsus 
4,5, tarsus 1.7, Second patella and tibia 6.0 
mm, third 3.5, fourth 5/4, 

Male from PinhaK Santa Catarina, Bra- 
zil. Color as in female. Posterior median 
eyes 0.8 diameter of anterior medians, lat- 
erals 0,5 diameter. Anterior median eyes 
their diameter apart. Posterior median eyes 
their diameter apart. Lateral eyes 0.6 di- 
ameter apart. Fourth trochanter without 
macroseta. Second and third femora with 
ventral row of strong macrosetae, first and 
fourth with two rows. Abdomen \^ ith 13 
tubercles as in female. Total length 8,4 
mm. Carapace 4.1 mm long, 3.7 wide. First 
femur 4,1 mm, patella and tibia 5.6, meta- 
tarsus 3.3j tarsus 1.3. Second patella and 
tibia 4.5 mm, third 2.5, fourth 3.7. 

Variation, The anterior, median tuber- 
cle of the abdomen is frequently missing. 
Some females have the anterior lateral tu- 
bercles double. The photograph of a fe- 
male from S of Jujuy, Argentina, shows 
her to be mostly green and white with 
some brown spots and brown patellae 
matching the lichens of the substrate. Im- 
matures may have a pair of white patches 
on the venter of the abdomen. Total length 
of females 10,0 to 20.8 mm; of males 7.7 
to 9.6, Figures 136-139 were made from 
specimens from Canela, Rio Grande do 
Sul, Brazil; Figures 140-142, from Pinhal, 
Santa Catarina, Brazil. 

Diagnosis. Females differ from those of 
P. bistriata by having distinct tubercles on 
the abdomen (Fig. 139), from those of F. 
undulata by having the posterior median 
plate of the epigynum swollen, sclerotized, 
and dark in color (Fig, 137), and from 
those of both by the pattern on the venter 



38 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol 153, No. 1 



of the abdomen (Fig. 140), Males differ 
from most species of Parawixia by lacking 
macrosetae on the fourth trochanter, from 
P. bistriata by having tubercles on the ab- 
domen, and from both P. bistriata and P. 
tindiilata by the shape of the base of the 
median apophysis and the shape of the 
terminal apophysis of the palpus (Figs. 141, 
142). 

Natural History. This is perhaps the most 
common araneid orb weaver in southern 
Brazil. I made the following notes on 22 
March 1985 at Cataratas do Iguagu, Brazil. 
This Parawixia is very common and makes 
an enormous web, with a bridge about 2 
m long, the web 50 to 90 cm in horizontal 
diameter, with very loose, w ide mesh (Plate 
1). The bottom of the orb is about 1 to 2 
m above the ground. The spider hangs in 
the middle, cephalic region down (Plate 
1), or hides in a silk retreat within a curled 
leaf near a radius or a frame line. The 
spider walks to the retreat when disturbed 
and if touched tliere, drops slowly on a 
thick silk rope. If handled the female tries 
to throw silk on the hand. 1 watched in- 
dividuals feed on grasshoppers 3.5 cm long, 
longer than the spider. The viscous silk is 
very sticky. No two specimens have the 
same dorsal coloration of the abdomen or 
similar humps; the reddish and green col- 
oration of some individuals is w ashed out 
in alcohol. The spider is probably mostly 
nocturnal and builds at night. 

Distribution. Amazon area to Chubut 
Province, Argentina (Map 3). 

Records. GUYANA Rupiinuni: Rupu- 
nuni River betw . Dadanawa and Tslicrton, 
9 (AMNH). COLOMBIA Meta: 15 km SW 
Puerto Lopez, S (MCZ); 20 km S El Purve- 
nir, 3 (MCZ)- ECUADOR Napo: Cuya- 
beno, 9, 6 (MCZ). PERU Jujim?: Mejora- 
da, Rio Mantaro. 9 (AMNH). BOLIVIA La 
Paz: Coroico, imm. (MCZ). BRAZIL Para; 
Bel em (MCZ, MEG). Acre: Rio Branco 
(MZSP), Bahia: llheus (RLCB); Mucuri 
(MCN); Rio Una, 74 km SW Salvador 
(MCN); Salvador (ZMK). Goids: Jatai 
(MZSP); 40 km from Porto Landia rn , Mi- 
neiros (MCZ). Mato Grosso: Chavantina 
(MZSP); Rosario Oeste (AMNH); 260 km 



N Xavantina (MCZ). Mato Grosso do Siil: 
Tres Lagoas (MZSP)- Minas Gerais: Belo 
Horizonte (AMNH); Caxambu (MCZ); La- 
goa Santa (ZMK); Lavras (MCZ); Pouso 
Alegre (MZSP); Santa Barbara, Reserva 
Flores (RLCB); Serra do Cipo (RLCB); Re- 
serva Ecologica do Panga, Uberlandia 
(MCN). Espirito Santo: Apiao (RLCB); 
Coiatina (MNRJ); Guarapari (MZSP); Santa 
Teresa (MZSP); \ itoria (MNRJ). Rio de 
Janeiro: A^ude de Solidao (MCZ); Angra 
dos Reis (MZSP); Bom Jesus do Itabapoane 
(RLCB); Campos Itatiana (MZSP); Ilha 
Santana Macae (RLCB); Itaipava (RLCB); 
Parcjue Nacional Itatiaia (RLCB); Mage 
(RLCB); Parati (RLCB); Rio de Janeiro 
(AMNH, MCZ, MNRJ); Sao Joao da Barra 
(RLCB); Teresopolis (AMNH, RLCB); Pico 
da Tijuca (MCZ); Barra da Tijuca (MCZ, 
RLCB). Sao Paido: Alto do Leno; Barueri; 
Boraceia (all MZSP); Botucatu (IMPR, 
MZSP); Caraguatatuba; Carvalho Arayo; 
Castelho; Cocaia; Eldorado; Guarulhos (all 
MZSP); Ilha Comprida (AMNH); Ilha Vi- 
toria; Itapetininga; Itaquera Nova Europa 
(all MZSP); Itu (MCN); Jaboticabal (MCN); 
Juquia (MZSP); Maua (AMNH); Mogi dos 
Cruces (MZSP); Monte Alegre (MZSP); 
Praia do Santos (MNRJ. MZSP); Rio Claro 
(MCZ); Sao Paulo (AMNH, MZSP, 
NHMW); Sao Roque (AMNH, MZSP); Se- 
rra da Cantareira (MZSP); Salesopolis 
(AMNH); Ubatuba (RLCB). Parana: Ca- 
vinna (AMNH); Engelheiro Lange (MZSP); 
Ponte Rio Coutinho, Guarapuava (MZSP); 
Curitiba (MNRJ, MZSP); Salta do Igua9u 
(MCZ); Parque Estad, Marumbi, Morretes 
(RLCB); Rio Branco (MCN); Rolandia 
(AMNH); Serra Negra (MNRJ). Santa Ca- 
tarina: Alto da Serra, estrada Sao Bento 
Corupa (MZSP); Bhimenau (MZSP, 
NHMW); Mono dos Cionventos Araran- 
gua (MCN); Pinhai (AMNH). Rio Grande 
do Sui: Barra do Ribeiro; Rnni Jesus; Cam- 
bara do Sul; Campo Bom; Canela; Canoas; 
Capao da Canoa; Catuipe; Caxias do Sul; 
Charqueadas; Dois Irmaos; Encantado; Es- 
taio; Garruchus Sao Borja; Garibaldi; Guai- 
ba; General (Samara; Irai; Gravatai; Mon- 
tenegro; Morro do Coco Viamao; Morro 
Sao Pedro; Niteroi; Nonai; Novo Ham- 




Figures 136-142. Parawma at/dax (Blackwalf). 136-140, female, 136-138. epigynum. 136, ventral. 137, posterior, 138, lateral. 
139. dorsaL 140, abdomen, ventral. 141 . male left palpus. 142, tip of embolus, terminal apophysis, and base of median apophysis. 

Figures 143-149. P, undulata (Keyserling). 143-147, female, 143-145, epigynum. 143, ventral. 144, posterior. 145, lateral. 
146. dorsal 147, abdomen, ventraL 148, male palpus. 149, tip of embolus, terminal apophysis, and base of median apophysis. 

Figures 150-157, P. bistriata (Rengger), 150-^154, female, 150-152. epigynum. 150, ventral, 151, posterior. 152, lateral, 153, 
dorsaL 154, abdomen, ventral. 155, male palpus. 156, tip of embolus, terminal apophysis, and base of median apophysis. 157, 
immature, dorsaL 

Scale lines 1.0 mm, genitalia 0.1 mm. 



40 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, VoL 133, No. 1 



burgo; Osorio; Palmares do Siil; Passo Fun- 
do (all MCN); Porto Alegre (MCN, MCZ); 
Pelotas (AMNH, MCN, MCZ); Portrio; Rio 
Grande; Rio Pardo; Saint Hilaire; Santa 
Cruz do Sul; Santa Maria; Sao Francisco 
de Paula; Sao Jeronimo (all MCN); Sao 
Leopoldo (MCN, MZSP); Sao \Mncente do 
Sul; Santa Maria; Santa Vitoria do Palmar; 
Est, Ecol. do Taim; Tenente Portela; 
Torres; Triunfo; Vacaria; Vianiao (all 
MCN); Vila Oliva (MCN, MNRJ). URU- 
GUAY Caneloiies: Las Piedras (MHNM); 
Pando (MHNM). Lavaleja: Fuente del 
Puma (FSCA). Ualdonado: Sierra de las 
Animas (MHNM). Montevideo: Carrasco 
(MHNM); Cerro (MHNM); Montevideo 
(MHNM); Savago (CAS). Hocha: Chuy 
(MHNM); Palmares deCastillos (MHNM). 
Treinta ij Tres: Arrozal [?] (MHNM). PAR- 
AGUAY Amamhay: Bella Vista (IBNP); 
nr. Pedro Juan Caballero (MCZ). Concep- 
cion: Fonciere (MIINW). Alio Pammh 
Itabo Reserve (IRSNB); Mision Nueva Tri- 
l>u Cerro Leon (IRSNB); km 12 de Stroes- 
sner, Centro For est a! de Alto Parana 
(IBNP); Tatiyupi Reserve (IRSNB). Par^ 
aguarf: Cerro Acahai, 500-570 m (IBNP). 
Uapua: 20 km NNE Puerto Capilan Meza 
(MCZ). ARGENTINA Misiones: Colonia 
Acaragua. Rt. 8, km 26 (MACN); Iguazu 
(CAS, MEG); Eldorado (AMNH); Gral 
Manuel Belgrano (MEG); Posadas (MEG); 
Rt. 12. Gruta India, Dpto. Libertador San 
Martin, (MEG). Jujuij: Yuto (MEG), Salia: 
5 km S Jujuy (MCZ); Oran (MEG). Chaco: 
Resistencia (MACN). La Hioja: Iliar, 7 km 
S Olta (MACN). Cordoba: Calamiichita 
(MACN); Palamuelita (MACN). Buenos 
Aires: Azul (AMNH); Buenos Aires (ZMK); 
Delta del Parana (MEG); La Plata (MZSP); 
Moreno (MACN); PU\ Saniborombon 
(MACN); Sierra de la Ventana (MEG); Ti- 
gre (MACN); Villa Ballester (AMNH); Ze- 
laya (MACN); Zubiaurre (ZMK). Mendo- 
za: 8 km SSW Estacion Cacheuta, 1,500 
m (MCZ); Mendoza (MACN, NHMW). Rio 
Negro: EI Bolsun (AMNH). Chidmt: El 
Rlesempeiro [?] (MACN). 



Parawixia undulata (Keyserling), 
new combination 
Figures 143-149; Map 3 

Mahadeva undulata Keyserling 1892: 67, pi. 3, fig. 

52, 9. Four female syiitypes from Rio Grande do 

SuU Brazil in BMNH, examined. 
Aranea undulata: — Roevver, 1942: 833. 
Verrucosa undnhiia: — Bonnet, 1959: 4791. 

Description. Female from Vacaria, Rio 
Grande do Sul. Carapace orange-brown, 
with a pair of dark spots and a few^ light 
colored setae. Sternuni dark orange with- 
oiU marks. Coxae dark orange; legs orange, 
distal articles ringed w ith black. Dorsum 
of abdomen black, brown, and \\ hite (Fig. 
146); venter black with two w hite patches 
(Fig. 147). Posterior median eyes 0,7 di* 
ameter of anterior medians, laterals 0.6 
diameter. Anterior median eyes their di- 
ameter apart. Posterior median eyes their 
diameter apart. Laterals separated by their 
radius. Abdomen witli 9 tubercles: Three 
pairs on sides and three posterior median 
(Fig. 146), Total length 16.0 mm. Cara- 
pace 6.8 mm long, 5.7 w ide. First femur 
5.6 mm, patella and tibia 7.8, metatarsus 
4,7, tarsus L7, Second patella and tibia 7,0 
mm, third 4.2, fourth 6.4. 

Male from Vacaria, Fiio Grande do Sub 
Lighter in color than female, with fa hit 
indications of folium on abdomen. Poste- 
rior median eyes 0.5 diameter of anterior 
medians, laterals 0,5 diameter. Anterior 
median eyes their diameter apart. Poste- 
rior median eyes their diameter apart. Lat- 
erals separated by their radius. Fovu tli coxa 
and trochanter w ithout macroseta. Second 
and third femur w ith ventral row of mac- 
rosetac, scattered ventral macrosetae on 
first and fourth femora. Abdomen as in 
female. Total length 1L5 mm. Carapace 
6,4 mm long, 5.2 wide. First femur 5.8 
mm, patella and tibia 8.0. metatarsus 4.5, 
tarsus 1.7. Second patella and tibia 6.5 mm, 
third 3.7, fourth 5.5, 

Variation. Total length of females 1L2 
to 18.0 mm, of males 7,7 to 1L5, The il- 
lustrations were made from specimens 
from Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 



Parawixia •Levi 



41 



Diagnosis. Females differ from those of 
P. histriata by having tubercles on the ab- 
domen {Fig. 146), from those of F. audax 
by having the posterior median plate of 
the epigynum not selerotized, flat, and 
usually white (Fig. 144), The venter of the 
abdomen, unhke that of P, histriata and 
of adult P. audax, has a pair of white 
patches on black (Fig. 147). Males differ 
from those of P\ histriata by having tu- 
bercles on the abdomen and from males 
of P. bisiriata and P, audax by the shape 
of the terminal apophysis and the proximal 
end of the median apophvsis (Figs. 148, 
). 

Natural History, One female from Sao 
Paulo State came from a shrub in a field 
along the road; the web was 40 cm in di- 
ameter. 

Distribution. From Sao Paulo State, 
Brazil, to Buenos Aires Province, Argen- 
tina (Map 3). 

Records. BRAZIL Sao Paulo: Ubatuba, 
7 June 1985. 2 (R. L. C. Baptista, RLCB). 
Rio Grande do Sul: Sao Franeisco de Pau- 
la, 2 (P. P. Buek, MNRJ), 18 Jan. 1981, 9 
(T. de Lema, MCN 9497); Canela, 10 Feb. 
1966, 32, 11 May 1974, 22 (A, A. Lise, 
MCN 709, 2099); Esc, Ecologico do Taim, 
Vitoria, 3 Dec. 1986, $ (M. Rosenau, MCN 
16538); Est. EcoL do Esmeralda, Esmeral- 
da, 12 Dec. 1978, 22 (C. J. Becker, MCN 
8461); Gramado, 20 Mar, 1976, 29 (P. C, 
Braun, MCN 3822); Itaimbezinho, Cam- 
bara do Sul, 18 May 1985, 2 (A, A. Lise, 
MCN 13300); Pelotas, 12 Apr. 1964, 42 (C. 
Biezanco, MCZ), 26 Sept. 1975, 2 (A. A, 
Lise, MCN 3463); Porto Alegre, 6 July 
1973, 2 (M. Moraes, MCN 1476); Rio Gran- 
de, 8 Dec, 1976, 22, $ (H. Bischoff, MCN 
4864), 4 Nov. 1986, 2 (C. Biezanko, MCZ); 

Santana Guiaba, 21 Jan. 1977, 22 (A. A. 
Lise, MCN 4998); Vacaria, 14 Jan. 1974, 
14 2, 73, 23 May 1982, 42 (A. A, Lise, MCN 
309, 10151). URUGUAY Cerro Largo: nr. 
Melo, 1926, 2 (Sanborn, AMNH), ARGEN- 
TINA Buenos Aires: Boulogne, 6 (Prosen, 
MLP); Tigre, 22 (Viana, MACN). 



Parawixia bistriata (Rengger), 
new combination; 
Nianduti Spider 
Plate 1; Figures 150-157; Map 3 

Epeira histriata Rengger, 1836: 131, Specimens from 
Paraguay, lost. 

Epeira socialis Rengger, 1836: 13 L Speeimeiis from 
Paraguay, lost. 

Epeira bicolon—C. L. Koch. 1839; 57, fig, 374, 9, 

Epeira socialis: — liolmberg, 1874: 95, 

Epeira butrneisteri Holmberg, 1874; 95. Specimens 
from Barrancas de Obligado, Argentina, lost. NEW 
SYNONYMY. 

Araneus nordenskioidii TuUgren, 1905: 29, figs, 9a- 
h, 2, £. Eighteen female and eight male syntypes 
from Tatarcnda [600 m, Tarija, 21°50^S, 63°37'W, 
NE of Aguairenda], Bolivia, in NRMS, examined, 
Badcock, 1932: 22. Bonnet, 1955: 552. NEW SYN- 
ONYMY. 

Araneus horizonfintis Mello-Leitao, 1917: 87, fig. 9, 
9. Specinieiis lost. First synonymized by Mello-Lei- 
tao, 1932; 124. 

? Ara7ieus paraopeha Mello-Leitao, 1917: 92, fig, 10, 
9. Specimens lost. NEW SYNONYMY. 

Eriophora bistriata: — Mello-Leitao, 1932: 124. 
Roewer, 1942: 866, Sandoval, 1987. Fowler and 
Diehl, 1978. Fowler and Gobbi, 1988a,b. 

Araneus sermornferiLs Mello-Leitao. 1932: 124. New 
name for Araneus socialis: — Biirmeister, [?] 1872: 
492 [not seen] allegedly not Rengger. Bonnet, 1955: 
598 (A. sermonifer). NEW SYNONYMY, 

Aranea hicoloraia Roewer, 1942: 837. New name for 
Epeira bicolor preoccupied by Aranea Incolor 
Walckenaer (a European salticid Carrhotus bicol- 
or). NEW SYNONYMY. 

Aranea nordenskidldii: — Roewer, 1942: 849. 

Aranea sernionifera: — Roewer, 1942: 852- 

Eriophora hurmeisteri: — Roewer, 1942: 866. Bonnet, 
1956; 784. 

Eriophora aeronavis Mello-Leitao, 1947: 241, fig, 8, 
9. Female holotype from Ponta Grossa, Parana, Bra- 
zil, in MNHC, examined. Brignoli, 1983: 268. NEW 
SYNONYMY. 

Eriophora socia/is:— Bonnet, 1956: 1785. 

Note. Rengger gave the name ^^ Epeira 
histriata oder [or] socialis' ' to this species. 
Epeira bistriata has never been illustrated 
before. According to Rengger its main 
characters are that it is a "social Epeira 
with a hazelnut-shaped abdomen having 
red spots." Only one species fits this de- 
scription, the one illustrated here. Reng- 
ger's specimens are not in NHMB or in 
the Naturmuseum Aarau, Switzerland (R. 
Maurer, C. Stocker, personal communi- 
cation). 



42 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol 153, No. 1 



C. L. Koch's Epeira hicolor (Fabricius) 
is a large spider from BraziL Critical fea- 
tures are a spherical abdomen with trans- 
verse marks, no distinct marks on the un- 
derside of the abdomen and a S-mm-long 
scape C'2 Linien langen, uber dieselbe 
ruck warts gebogenen Legstacher). This 
fits Farawixia bistriata. But this is proba- 
bly a misidentification of Aranea hicolor 
Fabricius (1798: 230), which has a worth- 
less, unrecognizable description of a spider 
from "America." Aranea hicolor Fabricius 
(1798) is also a junior homonym of Ara- 
nea hicolor Olivier (1789: 230). Olivier 's 
Aranea hicolor is a worthless description 
without a holotype for a spider from Gua- 
deloupe, Lesser Antilles (see also Petrunke- 
vitch, 1911). 

Holmberg (1874) writes that the scape 
of E. burmeisteri reaches the center of the 
spinnerets. This is characteristic for this 
species, but not known for any others. Me- 
Ilo-Leitao (1932) thought Burmcistrr'sand 
Holm berg's descriptions fit a diiierent so- 
cial species, common in Argentina. This 
could not be verified. 

The spider is known in Spanish as the 
*'nanduti'' spider, derived from the word 
for "spider-web" in the Guarani language 
(Fowler and DiehL 1978; Kochalka, 1989, 
personal communication), in Portuguese as 
aranJia do cerrado (C. Sandoval, 1990, 
personal communication). 

Description. Female from Depto. Cen- 
tral, Paraguay. Carapace with dark orange 
cephalic region, sides of carapace red- 
brown; cephalic region with long white 
liairs. Sternum dark orange. Coxae dusky 
dark orange; legs orange-brown. Dorsum 
of abdomen dark gray with indistinct fo- 
lium (Fig. 153); venter dark gray with in- 
distinct paired lighter patches (Fig. 154). 
Posterior median eves 0.7 diameter of an- 
terior medians, laterals 0,6 diameter. An- 
terior median eyes 1.3 diameters apart. 
Posterior median eyes their diameter apart. 
Lateral eyes their diameter apart. Abdo- 
men spherical, without tubercles (Fig, 153). 
Total length 22 mm. Carapace 9,4 mm 
long, 8.1 \\ ide. First femur 8.8 mm, patella 



and tibia ILl, metatarsus 7.1, tarsus 2.7. 
Second patella and tibia 10.5 mm, third 
6.5, fourth 9.6. 

Male from Formosa, Argentina. Darker 
than female in coloration. Posterior me- 
dian eyes 0,7 diameter of anterior medi- 
ans, laterals 0.6 diameter. Anterior median 
eyes their diameter apart. Posterior me- 
dian eyes their diameter apart. Laterals 
their diameter apart. Palpal patella with 
one dark macroseta and one light-colored 
smaller seta. Fourth trochanter without 
macroseta. Abdomen ovah Total length 13 
mm. Carapace 7,7 mm long, 6.7 wide. First 
femur 7.5 mm, patella and tibia 9.4, meta- 
tarsus 5.9, tarsus 1.8. Second patella and 
tibia 7.6 mm, third 50, fourth 7,1, 

Variation. Total length of females 16.7 
to 27 mm, of males 1 1.7 to 18.5. In adult 
females preserved in alcohol the abdomen 
is variable in color. In immature specimens 
the abdomen has a diagnostic pattern and 
three to four pairs of lateral tubercles, and 
two posterior, median tubercles {Fig, 157). 
The tubercles may be visible on the ab* 
do men of males. Early in stars are almost 
all black; later instars have light stripes, a 
longitudinal row of dark red dots on the 
tubercles on each side, and a faint red spot 
in the cardiac area. Adults are mostly dark 
gray with a little red anterior lateral on 
the abdomen dorsum (Kochalka, 1989, 
personal communication; and color pho- 
tographs by C. P. Sandoval, Plate 1). Fig- 
ures 150, 151 were prepared from the ho- 
lotype of £. aeronavis. Figure 152 was 
made from a female from Tucuman, Ar- 
gentina, 153-155 were made from syn- 
types of A. nordenskioldi^ and 157 was 
prepared from an immature from Barra 
da Tapirape, Ma to Grosso, Brazil. 

Diagnosis. Females differ from those of 
P. audax and P. undulata by having a 
spherical abdomen sometimes with only 
three faint pairs of lateral tubercles, in- 
distinctly marked on the venter (Figs. 153, 
154). The scape of the epigynum is less 
sclerotized than in P. audax and P. un- 
dtdata and the posterior median plate may 
be white (Fig. 151). Males differ from those 



Parawima •Levi 



43 



of the similar two species by having a prox- 
imal constriction of the median apophysis, 
and l>\ the shapes of the base of the median 
apophysis and the distal end of the ter- 
minal apophysis (Figs. 155. 156), 

Natural History, The species has com- 
mnnal webs 2 to 5 m above the ground, 
just beyond reach, often on telephone poles 
in urban and suburban areas, in open 
woodland and orchard, in the lower Pan- 
tanal, and in isolated trees in drv areas, 
but never in a forest having a closed can- 
opy- Individuals cluster during daytime in 
a common shaded retreat ''as big as a hat," 
constructed with relatively little silk (Plate 
1). At dusk the spiders move out on thick 
silk lines that stretch as far as 30 m and 
build orbs. Within an hour all orbs are 
completed, and may cover a 100 m- area. 
The orbs are taken down at daw n. Marked 
spiders do not return to the same spot as 
that of the previous night, but build in the 
vicinity. Large prey ensnared are over- 
powered and fed on by many spiders, the 
number in proportion to prey size. Repro- 
ductive casts of ants are a common prey 
item, but are not the onlv food. All spiders 
in a colony are of the same age and molt 
during the same week. Spiders transferred 
to another colony are not attacked and 
neighboring colonies may fuse. Males and 
females mature in late January in southern 
Brazil The number of males is approxi- 
mately equal to that of females. Following 
the final molt, females disperse and deposit 
egg'Sacs w ith a mean of 551 eggs, less than 
half the number laid bv related araneids 
of equal size. Spiderlings emerge in May. 
In the laboratory there are eight postem- 
l)ryonie ins tars. (J. Koch a Ik a, C, Sandoval, 
personal communications; Fowler and 
Diehl, 1978; Fowler and Gobbi, 1988a,b). 
Rengger gives colony size as between 30 
to 40 individuals; Azara in 1808 estimated 
less than 100 individuals (Fow ler and Diehl, 
1978; Kochalka, 1989, personal commu- 
nication). In 1965, when visiting Rio de 
Janeiro, I saw what 1 believed to be webs 
of this species, high up on telegraph poles 
outside the entrance of the Parque da Ci- 



dade. too high up to collect, I could not 
find any webs on a return visit to the same 
spot in 1987. Carter (1928) claims that the 
spiders' bite is venomous. They can kill 
beetles larger than 2.5 cm in a few minutes 
and thert^ are records of birds trapped in 
their webs (C. Sandoval, personal com- 
mLinication). 

Venom. The Hospital Vital Brazil of the 
Institute Butantan has recorded only three 
accidents, all of persons living in the area 
surrounding the city of Sao Paulo: In 1964, 
a 7-year-old girl was bitten on the hand 
with only slight pain. In 1966, an 18~year- 
old man was bitten on the foot; no treat- 
ment was necessary. In 1970, a baby of 
eight months was bitten on the buttock 
w ith moderate local pain, edema and mild 
erythema. In all cases punctures of fangs 
w ere visible. The first and last victims were 
treated with antihistamines and analgesics. 
Vellard, in his book on spider venoms 
(1936: 262), did not cite anv accidents with 
the species, but expressed the belief that 
they do occur and are not serious. In recent 
years, V. P. D, von Eickstedt has received, 
from the Sao Paulo State Central Electrical 
Co. from Andradina and from Pirassunun- 
ga, requests for help in removing the spi- 
ders because workers were afraid to work 
on poles with webs (Vera 1\ D. von Eick- 
stedt, 1990, personal correspondence). 

Distrihution, From Mato Grosso, Minas 
Gerais States, Brazil, to Bolivia and Buenos 
Aires Prov., Argentina (Map 3). 

Records. BRAZIL District o Federal: 
Brasilia, 27 Mar. 1964, 22 (C, E,, E. S. 
Ross, CAS); Sobradinho, 3 Apr. 1971, 32, 
26 (A. Carlos, C. Sandoval, CS). Minas 
Gerais: Diamantina, Minha Serin ha. Jan.- 
Mar, 1945, 69 (E. Cohn. AMXH); Serra do 
Cipo, 1977, 9, 6 (V. R. D, von Eickstedt, 
MCZ); Mariana, 2 (P. Forseca, MZSP 7615); 
Lagao Santa, imm. 2 (ZMK), 12 Jan. 1965, 
21 imm, (J. Morgante, MZSP 3893), Mato 
Grosso: Barra do Tapir ape, 23 Dec. 1962, 
43imm., 12 Jan. 1963,20imm. (B. Malkin, 
AVINH); Tapirape, 23 Nov. 1960, 91 imm. 
(AMNH). Mato Grosso do Sul: Miranda, 
17 Jan, 1985, 33 imm. (B. A. M. Soares, 



44 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 153, No. 1 



MZSP 157); Tres Lagoas, 26-27 Mar. 1964, 
2 (P. Vanzolini, MZSP 3179). Sdo Paulo: 
Rincao, 1942, 52 (B. A. M. Scares, MZSP 
7616);Itirapina,imm.,29Nov. 1984, imm. 
(C. Sandoval, CS); Pirajii, 12 June 1985, 2 
(C. Sandoval, CS); Campinas, 15 Mar. 1990, 
2$, 33 (J. Vascocellos-Neto). PARAGUAY 
Boqueron: Laguna Negra, Transchaco km 
470, 17 May 1984, 2; Filadelfia, 16 May 
1984, 9. \'ueva Asuncion: Transchaco km 
709, 25 May 1984, 2; 1984 (all L. Baert, J. 
P. Maelfait, IRSNB). Concepcion: Con- 
cepcion, 7 Mar. 1989, 32, 33 (J. A. Ko- 
clialka, MCZ); San Lorenzo, 24 Julv 1976, 
2, 5 (H. Fowler, MCZ), 9 Jan. 1982, 42, 26 
(J. A. Kochalka, IBNP). Central: Villeta, 
Feb., Mar. 1983, 2 (L. Fogarty, MCZ); 
Asuncion, Jan. 1892, 6 imm. (Dr. Bohls, 
BMNH). ARGENTINA Formom: For- 
mosa, Mar. 1918, 26 (P. Jorgensen, MCZ), 
2 (MACN). Chaco: Resistencia, July 1934, 
92 (J. B. Daguerre, MACN). Salta: Rosario 
de la Frontera, Los Baiios, 8 May 1979, 92, 
3<? (Mision Sclent. Danesa, ZMK). Tucu- 
mdn: Tucuman, 1987, 452, 883, 4 imm. (J. 
A. Kochalka, MCZ). Entre Rius: Rosario, 
22 (W. Sorensen, ZMK). 

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46 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 153, No, 1 



INDEX 

Valid names are printed in italics. Page numbers refer to main references, starred page numbers to 
illustrations. 



Qcapidco, Parawixia, 12, 13* 
aeronavis, Eriophora, 41 
albozonata, Parawixia kochi, 33 
amaurophila, Epeira, 36 
armata, Epeira, 32 
armata, Parawixia, 32 
audax, Epeira, 36 
audax. Parairixia, 13*, 36, 39* 
audax. Verrucosa, 37 
harbacoas, Parawixia, 14, 15* 
bicolor, Epeira, 41 
bicolorata, Aranea, 41 
bistriata, Epeira, 41 
bistriata, Eriophora, 41 
hnstriata, Parawixia, 39*, 41 
burmeisteri, Epeira, 41 
burmeisteri, Eriophora, 41 
cambridgei, Parawixia, 18 
casa, ParaiLixia^ 19*. 20 
coroniger, Araneus, 37 
coronigera, Aranea, 37 
coronigera, Epeira, 37 
darlingtonij Parawixia, 8 
destricta, Epeira, 14 
desiricta, Paraiiixia, 14, 15* 
destrictoides, Aranea, 16 
destrictoides, Parawixia, 16 
divisoria, Parawixia, 28, 31* 
duodecimtuberculata. Epeira, 36 
eriophoroides, Araneus, 24 
eumeniphila, Parawixia, 37 
guatemalensis, Epeira, 17 
guatemalensis, Parawixia, 17, 19* 
hamata, Parawixia, 16 
honesta, Epeira, 12 
hones ta, Parawixia, 12, 13* 
liorizontinus, Araneus, 41 
hoxaea, Epeira, 26 
hoxaea, Parawixia, 26, 29* 
hypocrita, Epeira, 21 
hijpocrita, Parawixia, 21, 23* 
inopinata. Parawixia, 22, 23* 
kochi, Araneus. 33 
kochii, Aranea, 33 
kochii, Epeira, 33 
kochi, Parauixia, 33, 35* 
maculilatera, Parawixia kochi, 33 
maldonado, Parawixia. 31*, 32 
mastophoroides, Parawixia, 8 



matiapa. Parawixia, 27, 29* 

mereiis, Epeira, 17 

meritlionalis, Epeira, 36 

minas, Aranea, 33 

minas, Araneus, 33 

minas, Epeira, 33 

monticola, Aranea, 25 

monticola, Araneus, 25 

monticola, Epeira, 25 

monticola, Parawixia, 25, 29* 

nesophila. Parawixia, 22, 23* 

nigrohumeralis, Parawixia kochi, 33 

nordenskjoldii, Aranea. 41 

nordenskjoldii, Araneus, 41 

opuntiae, Epeira, 33 

ouro, Parawixia, 30, 31* 

paraopeba, x-Vraneus, 41 

Parawixia, 5 

porvenir, Parawixia. 19*, 20 

ribeiroi, Araneus, 37 

rigida, Epeira, 32 

rigida, Parawixia^ 32, 35* 

rimosa, Epeira, 16 

rimosa, Paratvixia, 13*, 15*, 16 

rivalis, Aranea, 32 

rivalis, Araneus, 32 

rivalis, Epeira, 32 

rugosa, Aranea, 37 

rugosa, Araneus, 37 

sermonifera, Aranea, 41 

sermoniferus, Araneus, 41 

setosa, Molinaranea, 33 

setosus, Araneus, 33 

socialis, Epeira, 41 

social is, Eriophora, 41 

tarapoa, Parawixia, 30. 31* 

tomba, Parawixia, 27, 29* 

tredccimnotata, Parawixia, 18, 19* 

tullgreni. Parawixia, 8 

tidlgreni, Alpaida, 8 

undulata, Aranea, 40 

undulata, Mahadeva, 40 

undulata, Parawixia, 39*, 40 

undulata, Verrucosa, 40 

velutina, Aranea. 24 

velutina, Epeira, 24 

vehitina. Parawixia, 24, 29* 

vehilinus, Araneus, 24 

zigzag, Paraw^ixia, 8
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